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The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Urmia Lake in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Halobacterium is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.
Halobacterium salinarum, formerly known as Halobacterium cutirubrum or Halobacterium halobium, is an extremely halophilic marine obligate aerobic archaeon. Despite its name, this is not a bacterium, but a member of the domain Archaea. It is found in salted fish, hides, hypersaline lakes, and salterns. As these salterns reach the minimum salinity limits for extreme halophiles, their waters become purple or reddish color due to the high densities of halophilic Archaea. H. salinarum has also been found in high-salt food such as salt pork, marine fish, and sausages. The ability of H. salinarum to survive at such high salt concentrations has led to its classification as an extremophile.
In taxonomy, Haloplanus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.
Archaeocin is the name given to a new type of potentially useful antibiotic that is derived from the Archaea group of organisms. Eight archaeocins have been partially or fully characterized, but hundreds of archaeocins are believed to exist, especially within the haloarchaea. Production of these archaeal proteinaceous antimicrobials is a nearly universal feature of the rod-shaped haloarchaea.
Haloquadratum walsbyi is of the genus Haloquadratum, within the archaea domain known for its square halophilic nature. First discovered in a brine pool in the Sinai peninsula of Egypt, H. walsbyi is noted for its flat, square-shaped cells, and its unusual ability to survive in aqueous environments with high concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride. The species' genus name Haloquadratum translates from Greek and Latin as "salt square". This archaean is also commonly referred to as "Walsby's Square Bacterium" because of its identifying square shape which makes it unique. In accordance with its name, Haloquadratum walsbyi are most abundantly observed in salty environments.
Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation. Despite the implication of the name, Halobacterium is actually a genus of archaea, not bacteria. H. noricense can be isolated from environments with high salinity such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Members of the Halobacterium genus are excellent model organisms for DNA replication and transcription due to the stability of their proteins and polymerases when exposed to high temperatures. To be classified in the genus Halobacterium, a microorganism must exhibit a membrane composition consisting of ether-linked phosphoglycerides and glycolipids.
Haloferax larsenii is a gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, extremely halophilic archaeon. It was named in honor of Professor Helge Larsen, who pioneered research on halophiles.
Psychroflexus salinarum is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Psychroflexus which has been isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
Haloferax alexandrinus is a species of archaea in the family Haloferacaceae.
Caenispirillum is a bacterial genus from the family of Rhodospirillaceae.
Caenispirillum salinarum is a Gram-negative, Vibrio-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Caenispirillum which has been isolated from a solar saltern in Kakinada in India.
Pontibacillus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming and strictly aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Pontibacillus chungwhensis is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from soil from a saltern in Korea.
Pontibacillus marinus is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from soil from a saltern in Korea.
Idiomarina halophila is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, halophilic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Idiomarina which has been isolated from sediment from a solar saltern from Gomso in Korea.
Salinimonas chungwhensis is a Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, moderately halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Salinimonas which has been isolated from soil from a solar saltern from Chungwha in Korea.
Salegentibacter salinarum is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Salegentibacter which has been isolated from a marine solar saltern from the Yellow Sea.
Lentibacillus salinarum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, moderately halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Lentibacillus which has been isolated from a marine solar saltern in Korea.
Halorubrum californiense is a halophilic Archaeon in the family of Halorubraceae. It was isolated from saline environments solar saltern in Newark, California.
References
- ↑ Hwang, Han-Bit; Kim, Ye-Eun; Koh, Hyeon-Woo; Song, Hye Seon; Roh, Seong Woon; Kim, So-Jeong; Nam, Seung Won; Park, Soo-Je (2017). "Haloplanus salinarum sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a solar saltern". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (11): 4456–4461. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002313 . PMID 28945530.
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