Halobacteriaceae

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Halobacteriaceae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Class: Halobacteria
Order: Halobacteriales
Family: Halobacteriaceae
Gibbons 1974
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • "Haloarchaeaceae" (sic) DasSarma & DasSarma 2008

Halobacteriaceae is a family in the order Halobacteriales and the domain Archaea. [1] Halobacteriaceae represent a large part of halophilic Archaea, along with members in two other methanogenic families, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanocalculaceae. [2] The family consists of many diverse genera that can survive extreme environmental niches. [3] Most commonly, Halobacteriaceae are found in hypersaline lakes and can even tolerate sites polluted by heavy metals. [4] They include neutrophiles, acidophiles (ex. Halarchaeum acidiphilum), alkaliphiles (ex. Natronobacterium ), and there have even been psychrotolerant species discovered (ex. Hrr. lacusprofundi). [3] Some members have been known to live aerobically, as well as anaerobically, and they come in many different morphologies. [3] These diverse morphologies include rods in genus Halobacterium, cocci in Halococcus, flattened discs or cups in Haloferax, and other shapes ranging from flattened triangles in Haloarcula to squares in Haloquadratum, and Natronorubrum. [5] [6] Most species of Halobacteriaceae are best known for their high salt tolerance and red-pink pigmented members (due to bacterioruberin carotenoids [5] ), but there are also non-pigmented species and those that require moderate salt conditions. [3] [7] Some species of Halobacteriaceae have been shown to exhibit phosphorus solubilizing activities that contribute to phosphorus cycling in hypersaline environments. [8] Techniques such as 16S rRNA analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization have been major contributors to taxonomic classification in Halobacteriaceae, partly due to the difficulty in culturing halophilic Archaea. [7] [3] [2]

Contents

Overview

Halobacteriaceae are found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.

Halobacteria can exist in salty environments because although they are aerobes, they have a separate and different way of creating energy through use of light energy. Parts of the membranes of halobacteria are purplish in color and contain retinal pigment. This allows them to create a proton gradient across the membrane of the cell which can be used to create ATP for their own use.

They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell. However, because of these adaptations, if the cell is placed in a wet, less salty environment, it is likely to immediately burst from the osmotic pressure.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [1]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 [10] [11] [12] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [13] [14] [15]
Halobacteriales
Halobacteriaceae 2 *

Halomarina Inoue et al. 2011 *

Salinirubellus Hou et al. 2018 *

" Halorarius " Sun et al. 2023

Salella Deshmukh & Oren 2023

Halosegnis

Halocatena Verma et al. 2020 *

Haloglomus

Natronomonas Kamekura et al. 1997 *

Halobacteriaceae 3 *
Haloarculaceae
Halobacteriaceae *

Halanaeroarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2016 *

Halodesulfurarchaeum Sorokin et al. 2017 *

Salarchaeum Shimane et al. 2011 *

Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani 1957 *

Halocalculus Minegishi et al. 2015 *

Halarchaeum Minegishi et al. 2010 *

"Haladaptaceae" *

Halorussus species-group 2

Halomicrococcus Chen et al 2020 *

Halorussus halophilus

Haladaptatus Savage et al. 2007 *

Halorussus Cui et al. 2010 *

Halostella Song et al. 2016 {QS-9-68-17} *

Halalkalicoccus Xue et al. 2005 {"Halalkalicoccaceae"} *

Halococcus {Halococcaceae}

Halobacteriaceae 4 *

Halorubellus Cui et al. 2014 *

Haloarchaeobius Makhdoumi-Kakhki et al. 2012 *

Natronoarchaeum Shimane et al. 2010 {"Natronoarchaeaceae"} *

Salinarchaeum {"Salinarchaeaceae"}

Natrialbaceae

Salinirubrum corrig. Cui & Qiu 2014 *

Haloferacaceae (incl. Halorubraceae)

Note 1: * paraphyletic Halobacteriaceae
Note 2: Unassigned Halobacteriaceae

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halobacteriales</span> Order of archaea

Halobacteriales are an order of the Halobacteria, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport; however, and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.

Haladaptatus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the family of Halobacteriaceae. The members of Haladaptatus thrive in environments with salt concentrations approaching saturation

Halalkalicoccus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

<i>Haloarcula</i> Genus of archaea

Haloarcula is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobactaria.

Halobaculum is a genus of the Halorubraceae.

Halobiforma is a genus of halophilic archaea of the family Natrialbaceae.

Halococcus is a genus of the Halococcaceae.

<i>Haloferax</i> Genus of archaea

Haloferax is a genus of halobacteria in the order Haloferacaceae.

Halomicrobium is a genus of the Haloarculaceae.

Halopiger is a genus of archaeans in the family Natrialbaceae that have high tolerance to salinity.

In taxonomy, Haloplanus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

Halorhabdus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the Haloarculaceae. With an extremely high salinity optimum of 27% NaCl, Halorhabdus has one of the highest reported salinity optima of any living organism.

In taxonomy, Halosimplex is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

In taxonomy, Halovivax is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. Some species of Halovivax are halophiles and have been found in Iran's Aran-Bidgol hypersaline lake.

Natrinema is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

Natronorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haloferacaceae</span> Family of bacteria

Haloferacaceae is a family of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the order Haloferacales. The type genus of this family is Haloferax. Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order Haloferacales.

Natrialbales is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is Natrialba.

Halorubraceae is a family of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the order Haloferacales. The type genus of this family is Halorubrum. Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order Haloferacales.

Haloarculaceae is a family of halophilic and mostly chemoorganotrophic archaea within the order Halobacteriales. The type genus of this family is Haloarcula. Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order Halobacteriales.

References

  1. 1 2 Sayers; et al. "Halobacteriaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  2. 1 2 Oren, Aharon (September 2014). "Taxonomy of halophilic Archaea: current status and future challenges". Extremophiles. 18 (5): 825–834. doi:10.1007/s00792-014-0654-9. PMID   25102811. S2CID   5395569.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Oren, Aharon (February 1, 2012). "Taxonomy of the family Halobacteriaceae: a paradigm for changing concepts in prokaryote systematics". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (2): 263–271. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038653-0 . PMID   22155757.
  4. ↑ Naik, Sanika; Furtado, Irene (2017). Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation. Singapore: Springer Nature. pp. 143–152. ISBN   978-981-10-1044-6.
  5. 1 2 Oren, Aharon; Arahal, David; Ventosa, Antonio (2009). "Emended descriptions of genera of the family Halobacteriaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (3): 637–642. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.008904-0 . PMID   19244452.
  6. ↑ Tully, Benjamin; Emerson, Joanne; Andrade, Karen; Brocks, Jochen; Allen, Eric; Banfield, Jillian; Heidelberg, Karla (September 16, 2014). "De novo sequences of Haloquadratum walsbyi from Lake Tyrrell, Australia, reveal a variable genomic landscape". Archaea. 2015: 875784. doi: 10.1155/2015/875784 . PMC   4330952 . PMID   25709557.
  7. 1 2 Ventosa, A.; Marquez, M.; Sanchez-Porro, C.; Haba, R. (2012). Advances in understanding the biology of halophilic microorganisms ([Updated ed.]. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer, Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5539-0_3. ISBN   978-94-007-5538-3.
  8. ↑ Yadav, Ajar Nath; Sharma, Divya; Gulati, Sneha; Singh, Surender; Dey, Rinku; Pal, Kamal Krishna; Kaushik, Rajeev; Saxena, Anil Kumar (28 July 2015). "Haloarchaea Endowed with Phosphorus Solubilization Attribute Implicated in Phosphorus Cycle". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 12293. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512293Y. doi:10.1038/srep12293. PMC   4516986 . PMID   26216440.
  9. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Halobacteriaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  10. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  14. ↑ "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  15. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.

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