Haloarcula

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Haloarcula
Haloarcula quadrata.png
SEM image of Haloarcula quadrata.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Kingdom:
Euryarchaeota
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Halobacteria
Order:
Halobacteriales
Family:
Haloarculaceae
Genus:
Haloarcula

Torreblanca et al. 1986 emend. Oren et al. 2009 [1]
Type species
Haloarcula vallismortis
(Gonzalez, Gutierrez & Ramirez 1979) Torreblanca et al. 1986
Species

Haloarcula (common abbreviation Har.) is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobactaria. [2]

Contents

Cell Structure

Haloarcula species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Halobacteriaceae by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. H. quadrata has predominantly flat, square-shaped, somewhat pleomorphic cells. [3]

Metabolism

H. quadrata was first isolated when researchers were attempting to culture Haloquadratum walsbyi , a haloarchaeon that was thought to be unculturable until 2004. Similar to other halophilic archaea, Haloarcula species grow optimally at 40–45 °C. Growth appears in sheets of up to 65 cells often in the shape of a square or triangle.

Taxonomy

The genus of Haloarcula was long grouped with other halophilic archaea such as Halobacterium until genomic analysis prompted to reorder this genus in the new family of Haloarculaceae.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [4] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [1]

16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022 [5] [6] [7] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [8] [9] [10]
Haloarcula

H. mannanilytica

H. sebkhae

H. tradensisNamwong et al. 2011

H. salariaNamwong et al. 2011

H. amylolytica

H. japonica

H. hispanica

H. argentinensis

H. marismortui

H. quadrata Oren et al. 1999

H. vallismortis

Halomicroarcula salinisoli

Halomicroarcula salina

Halomicroarcula amylolytica

Halomicroarcula limicola

Halomicroarcula nitratireducens

Halomicrobium katesii

Halomicrobium urmianus

Halapricum desulfuricans

Halomicrobium

Halomicroarcula

Haloarcula

H. salina(Zhang & Cui 2015) Ma et al. 2023

"H. rubripromontorii" Sanchez-Nieves et al. 2016

"H. taiwanensis" Chen et al. 2018

H. vallismortis (Gonzalez, Gutierrez & Ramirez 1979) Torreblanca et al. 1986

H. mannanilyticaEnomoto et al. 2020

H. amylolytica Yang et al. 2007

H. hispanica Juez et al. 1986

H. japonica Takashina et al. 1991

H. marismortui Elazari-Volcani 1940 ex Oren et al. 1990

H. argentinensis Ihara et al. 1997

H. sebkhaeBarreteau et al. 2019

Ecology

Haloarcula species are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils. Like other members of the family Halobacteriaceae, Haloarcula requires at least 1.5 M NaCl for growth, but grow optimally in 2.0 to 4.5 M NaCl. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

Halobacteriaceae is a family in the order Halobacteriales and the domain Archaea. Halobacteriaceae represent a large part of halophilic Archaea, along with members in two other methanogenic families, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanocalculaceae. The family consists of many diverse genera that can survive extreme environmental niches. Most commonly, Halobacteriaceae are found in hypersaline lakes and can even tolerate sites polluted by heavy metals. They include neutrophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles, and there have even been psychrotolerant species discovered. Some members have been known to live aerobically, as well as anaerobically, and they come in many different morphologies. These diverse morphologies include rods in genus Halobacterium, cocci in Halococcus, flattened discs or cups in Haloferax, and other shapes ranging from flattened triangles in Haloarcula to squares in Haloquadratum, and Natronorubrum. Most species of Halobacteriaceae are best known for their high salt tolerance and red-pink pigmented members, but there are also non-pigmented species and those that require moderate salt conditions. Some species of Halobacteriaceae have been shown to exhibit phosphorus solubilizing activities that contribute to phosphorus cycling in hypersaline environments. Techniques such as 16S rRNA analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization have been major contributors to taxonomic classification in Halobacteriaceae, partly due to the difficulty in culturing halophilic Archaea.

Haladaptatus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the family of Halobacteriaceae. The members of Haladaptatus thrive in environments with salt concentrations approaching saturation

Halalkalicoccus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

Halobaculum is a genus of the Halorubraceae.

Halobiforma is a genus of halophilic archaea of the family Natrialbaceae.

Halococcus is a genus of the Halococcaceae.

<i>Haloferax</i> Genus of archaea

In taxonomy, Haloferax is a genus of the Haloferacaceae.

In taxonomy, Halogeometricum is a genus of the Haloferacaceae.

Halomicrobium is a genus of the Haloarculaceae.

Halopiger is a genus of archaeans in the family Natrialbaceae that have high tolerance to salinity.

In taxonomy, Haloplanus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

Halorhabdus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the Haloarculaceae. With an extremely high salinity optimum of 27% NaCl, Halorhabdus has one of the highest reported salinity optima of any living organism.

In taxonomy, Halosimplex is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

Haloterrigena is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

In taxonomy, Halovivax is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. Some species of Halovivax are halophiles and have been found in Iran's Aran-Bidgol hypersaline lake.

In taxonomy, Natrialba is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. The genus consists of many diverse species that can survive extreme environmental niches, especially they are capable to live in the waters saturated or nearly saturated with salt (halophiles). They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell.

Natrinema is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

In taxonomy, Natronococcus is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

Natronomonas is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

Natronorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sayers; et al. "Haloarcula". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  2. ↑ Oren, Aharon (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Family Halobacteriaceae", The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 41–121, Bibcode:2014prok.book...41O, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_313, ISBN   978-3-642-38954-2 , retrieved 2021-11-17
  3. ↑ Oren, A.; Ventosa, A.; Gutierrez, M. C.; Kamekura, M. (1999). "Haloarcula quadrata sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt)". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (3): 1149–1155. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149 . PMID   10425773.
  4. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Haloarcula". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  5. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  6. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  8. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  10. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.

Further reading


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