Nanoarchaeota

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Nanoarchaeota
Acidilobus and Nanopusillus acidilobi (cropped).webp
Nanoarcheotum Nanopusillus acidilobi attached to Acidilobus .
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Archaea
Superphylum: DPANN
Huber et al. 2002
Phylum: Nanoarchaeota
Huber et al. 2002
Order
  • "Jingweiarchaeales"
  • "Nanoarchaeales"
  • "Pacearchaeales"
  • "Parvarchaeales"
  • "Tiddalikarchaeales"
  • "Woesearchaeales"
Synonyms
  • "Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
  • "Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
  • "Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015

Nanoarchaeota (Greek, "dwarf or tiny ancient one") is a proposed phylum (Candidatus Nanoarchaeota) in the domain Archaea [1] that currently has only one representative, Nanoarchaeum equitans , which was discovered in a submarine hydrothermal vent and first described in 2002. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Members of the Nanoarchaeota are associated with different host organisms and environmental conditions. [3] Despite small size, a reduced genome and limited respiration, members of the Nanoarchaeota have unusual metabolic features. For example, N. equitans has a complex and highly developed intercellular communication system. [4]

The phylogeny of the Nanoarchaeota is anchored by its only cultured representative, Nanoarchaeum equitans, which clusters in a separate evolutionary group than other archaea, [5] [6] which have recently been reclassified. Further analysis has shown that N. equitans diverged early on in the evolution of Archaea, as indicated by the 16S rRNA sequence. This suggests that they occupy a deeply branching position within this group. [7]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [8] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [9]

Phylogeny of Nanoarchaeota [10] [11] [12]
"Tiddalikarchaeales"
"Tiddalikarchaeaceae"

"Ca. Tiddalikarchaeum anstoanum"

"Parvarchaeales"
"Parvarchaeaceae"

"Ca. Acidifodinimicrobium mancum"

"Ca.  Parvarchaeum"

"Ca. P. acidiphilum"

"Ca. P. paracidiphilum"

"Pacearchaeales"

"Woesearchaeales"

"Nanoarchaeales"
"Nanoarchaeaceae"

" Nanoarchaeum equitans "

"Nanopusillaceae"

"Ca. Nanoclepta minuta"

Nanobdella aerobiophila

"Ca.  Nanopusillus"

"Ca. N. acidilobi"

"Ca. N. stetteri"

Nanoarchaeum equitans Urzwerg.jpg
Nanoarchaeum equitans

Characteristics

Cells of N. equitans are spherical with a diameter of approximately 400 nm, [2] and have a very short and compact DNA sequence with the entire genome containing only 490,885 base pairs. [6] While they have the genetic code to carry out processing and repair, they cannot carry out certain biosynthetic and metabolic processes such as lipid, amino-acid, cofactor, or nucleotide synthesis. [6] Due to its limited machinery, it is an obligate parasite, the only one known in the Archaea. [6] Because of their unusual ss rRNA sequences, they are difficult to detect using standard polymerase chain reaction methods. [21] Cells of N. equitans contain a normal S-layer with sixfold symmetry with a 15 nm lattice constant. [21]

Genome structure

Small cells between 100 and 400 nm in diameter and highly streamlined genomes of 0.491-0.606 Mbp characterize nanoarchaeotes. [22] The genomes of described nanoarchaeotes demonstrate different degrees of reduction, which is compatible with a host dependent lifestyle. [23] Certain nanaoarchaeotes still have genes for the CRISPR-Cas systems, archaeal flagella, and the gluconeogenesis pathway. [24]

Habitat

Nanoarchaeotes are obligate symbionts that grow attached to an archaeal host known as Ignicoccus. [25] Both terrestrial hot springs and underwater hydrothermal vents have yielded isolates in the genus Nanoarchaeum . [26] However, there is evidence that nanoarcheotes reside in a variety of habitats outside of marine thermal vents. [3]   Genetic evidence for members of the Nanoarchaeota has been discovered to be pervasive in terrestrial hot springs and mesophilic hypersaline habitats using primers created based on the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of Nanoarchaeum equitans. [3] In addition, the discovery of ribosomal sequences in photic-zone water samples taken distant from hydrothermal vents raises the possibility that Nanoarchaeota are an ubiquitous and diversified group of Archaea that can live in habitats with a variety of temperatures and geochemical settings. [3]

Metabolism

Although much of the metabolism of members of the Nanoarchaeota is unknown, its host is an autotroph that grows on elemental sulphur as an electron acceptor and H2 as an electron donor. [26] The majority of recognized metabolic processes, such as the creation of monomers like amino acids, nucleotides, and coenzymes, lack recognizable genes in this organism. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermoproteota</span> Phylum of archaea

The Thermoproteota are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells.

The Thermoprotei is a class of the Thermoproteota.

Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin mollis, and cutis. Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 μm in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through gliding, but members of the genus Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is Mycoplasma. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acholeplasmataceae</span> Family of bacteria

Acholeplasmataceae is a family of bacteria. It is the only family in the order Acholeplasmatales, placed in the class Mollicutes. The family comprises the genera Acholeplasma and Phytoplasma. Phytoplasma has the candidatus status, because members still could not be cultured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermodesulfobacteriota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

The Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Methanococcus is a genus of coccoid methanogens of the family Methanococcaceae. They are all mesophiles, except the thermophilic M. thermolithotrophicus and the hyperthermophilic M. jannaschii. The latter was discovered at the base of a “white smoker” chimney at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise and it was the first archaeal genome to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and eukaryote-like elements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desulfurococcales</span> Order of archaea

The Desulfurococcales is an order of the Thermoprotei, part of the kingdom Archaea. The order encompasses some genera which are all thermophilic, autotrophs which utilise chemical energy, typically by reducing sulfur compounds using hydrogen. Desulfurococcales cells are either regular or irregular coccus in shape, with forms of either discs or dishes. These cells can be single, in pairs, in short chains, or in aciniform formation.

In the taxonomy of microorganisms, the Methanomicrobiales are an order of the Methanomicrobia. Methanomicrobiales are strictly carbon dioxide reducing methanogens, using hydrogen or formate as the reducing agent. As seen from the phylogenetic tree based on 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project the family Methanomicrobiaceae is highly polyphyletic within the Methanomicrobiales.

Methanomicrobiaceae are a family of archaea in the order the Methanomicrobiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methanosarcinaceae</span> Family of archaea

In taxonomy, the Methanosarcinaceae are a family of the Methanosarcinales.

In taxonomy, Methanococcoides is a genus of the Methanosarcinaceae.

<i>Acidilobus</i> Genus of archaea

Acidilobus is a genus of archaea in the family Acidilobaceae.

In taxonomy, Methanimicrococcus is a genus of the Methanosarcinaceae. The members of this genus have been found in pharmaceutical wastewater, and they can contribute to the degradation of organic contaminants.

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In taxonomy, Methanomethylovorans is a genus of microorganisms with the family Methanosarcinaceae. This genus was first described in 1999. The species within it generally live in freshwater environments, including rice paddies, freshwater sediments and contaminated soil. They produce methane from methanol, methylamines, dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol. With the exception of M. thermophila, which has an optimal growth temperature of 50 °C, these species are mesophiles and do not tend to grow at temperatures above 40 °C.

Halorhabdus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the Haloarculaceae. With an extremely high salinity optimum of 27% NaCl, Halorhabdus has one of the highest reported salinity optima of any living organism.

Natrinema is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

Natronorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

Methanocalculus is a genus of the Methanomicrobiales, and is known to include methanogens.

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References

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Further reading