Hamilton-Madison House

Last updated August 27, 2023

Hamilton-Madison House is a voluntary, non-profit settlement house dedicated to improving the quality of life of its community, primarily that of the Two Bridges/Chinatown area of the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The neighborhood is a federally designated poverty area, with a constantly changing mixture of ethnic groups, and lack of adequate services and resources. An average income of a family living in the area is $17,000. Further, more than 25% of the seniors live on less than $15,000 a year, of which 40% goes toward housing. In the past 108 years, Hamilton-Madison House has developed programs that meet the changing needs of its community. In 1965, with a change in federal immigration policies, the community's predominant immigrant became Chinese New Yorkers. Since that time, the organization's staff has grown to include a staff of 300 who collectively speak 15 languages, including 6 Chinese dialects. Further, the House's long-standing programs have been adapted to meet the cultural norms of this expanding population.

History

Between 1880 and 1923, during the height of the exodus from the Old World, Jewish immigrants from all over Europe moved into crowded tenements on Manhattan's Lower East Side. Most were refugees who fled from pogroms, degrading poverty or the suppression of human rights.

Later, African-Americans and then Irish immigrants settled in the shadows of the two mighty bridges spanning the East River. They found work on the wharves loading and unloading bags of sugar, tea, coffee and spices that came from countries like the ones they left behind.

In 1898, two young East European idealists founded the Madison House of the Downtown Ethical society to fight some of the serious problems of the day.^[1] These youths were disciples of Dr. Felix Adler, founder of the Society for Ethical Culture. (1876)

The slums had rapidly become lethal chambers of disease. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhoid, and diphtheria spread rampantly among the immigrants claiming one entire block after another. One such block, an Italian and Sicilian enclave, was Hamilton Street.

In response to the epidemic, Lillian Wald of the Henry Street Settlement established a small "outpost" on Hamilton Street in 1902.^[2] Originally designed to serve public health needs of newly arrived Italian immigrants, Hamilton House soon began serving the youths of the community through a variety of programs.

The Lower East Side of New York, home to these humanitarian organizations, underwent a metamorphosis. As waves of immigrants shifted from European to Asian and Hispanic both Hamilton House and Madison House went through many changes in order to meet the needs of the community. A landmark change for both settlement houses occurred in 1954 when they combined to become Hamilton-Madison House.^[3]

Programs

ESL Hamilton-Madison House's ESL Program, (English as a Second Language) offers free morning classes, from beginner to advanced levels. The Program also offers trips, presentations, and guest speakers.

The Women Talk Program provides a culturally sensitive environment, in which women are taught to communicate effectively in English and are assisted with the transition to living and working outside of the Two Bridges/Chinatown community.

Behavioral Health For 33 years, Hamilton-Madison House has been the leading provider of Behavioral Health Services to New York City's Asian community. Currently serving more than 5,000 clients a year, Behavioral health Services has language specific clinics that take into account a client's ethnicity and native language. On July 1, 2001, Peter Yee became Hamilton-Madison House's new Assistant Executive Director for Behavioral health Services. In 2002, the Korean Clinic and the Southeast Asian Clinic expanded to meet the growing needs of the community. Clinicians are now available for residents who speak Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian.

Child Care Centers Hamilton-Madison House Child Care Centers are a collaboration of Head Start and Day Care Programs. Childcare is provided at eight sites; each year over 280 children, ages 2–5, are served as well as 50 children, ages 6–12 in school age day care.

Chinatown Resource Center

The Chinatown Resource Center (CRC) is a focal point of Hamilton-Madison's effort to meet the psychological, economic and social needs of area residents, workers and businesses who were affected by September 11th. The center works to empower the community and to promote its recovery through a holistic approach by providing behavioral health services, consultation, education, workshops, and advocacy.

Senior Services During 2006–2007 over 6,500 seniors, who live in the Two Bridges/Chinatown community and throughout New York City, attended Hamilton-Madison House's four senior service locations.

Supported Housing The goal of Hamilton-Madison House's Supported Housing is to provide permanent housing for people who are seriously and persistently mentally ill to live independently. Supported Housing provides 43 beds to Asian American mentally ill patients - 15 fully furnished apartments at a single site and 9 fully furnished apartments at scattered sites. The admission criteria are 18 years of age and older with documented history of mental disability and psychiatric treatment. The services for tenants are bi-lingual and bi-cultural case management, social, cultural, and recreational programs.

Two Bridges Tower Community Program Hamilton-Madison House is contracted to provide social services to tenants of 82 Rutgers Slip, a model housing program. The goal of this program is to improve the quality of life for 200 families living in the building. The tenants come from a cross-section of life NYC. A wide variety of cultures is represented in the building. People come from a wide variety of social and economic conditions and the residents of 60 apartments are families that had been homeless. The house provides After School and Summer Camp to children ages 5–12. A number of evening activities are available to adults and teens. People are encouraged to develop links to various agencies in the community.

Youth Development Programs

Children ages 5–12 After School Program operates 2:30 - 6:00 p.m. for 38 weeks between September and June, paralleling the school calendar. This program provides school pick up, supervised and mandatory homework completion, individual and group tutoring, arts and crafts, computer literacy, yoga, life skills, and a nutritious meal. Summer Day Camp is a seven-week program that provides activities for the children to learn teamwork and sportsmanship as well as develop increased communication skills and empathy. The Saturday Program consists of Sports, Chinese classes, violin classes, and one-on-one homework assistance is available. The computer lab is also open for classes and independent use.

Ages 13–21 Teen Program – 50 Madison Street is open weeknights for the teens and gives them a safe environment to socialize with their friends, receive homework assistance, speak with a social worker, play pick-up basketball, engage in HIV/AIDS peer education, and surf the net. In addition, Makin' Da Music, an innovative DJ-training program, is offered to teens ages 15–17. The participants learn the fundamentals of spinning discs, the history of music, working an audience, and developing entrepreneurial skills.

Timeline

1898 In Spring, Madison House of the Downtown Ethical Society is founded at 300 Madison Street.

1900 Under the leadership of board member, Bella Moses, mother of Robert Moses, Madison House embarks construction of a permanent summer camp.

1902 Hamilton House is founded on Hamilton Street. On June 17 Hamilton House is incorporated.

1910 Madison House acquires a building at 216 Madison Street.

1915 In November, Hamilton House moves from Hamilton Street to 72 Market Street.

1920 In September, the summer camps are replaced by Camp Rossbach for both boys and girls at Tomkins' Corners near Peekskill. This camp later becomes Camp Madison and later is known as Camp Madison-Felicia.

1925 In the mid-twenties, Madison House is incorporated.

1926 Dr. Algernon Black becomes Headworker at Madison House until 1930.

1929 The building at 226 Madison Street is completed

1930 During the next ten years, Madison House provides facilities for WPA workers who serve the neighborhood's cultural, health and social needs.

1941 World War II starts. Mrs. Josiah Willard, President of Hamilton House, from 1952 to 1954 and Helen Greenebaum, Headworker, share the task of managing the House during the war years.

1947 The neighborhood population becomes primarily by African-Americans and Latinos. Friction between the pre-war community and the newcomers escalates. Teenage gangs present an acute problem. Geoffrey Wiener is Headworker. Helen Hall, Headworker of Henry Street Settlement and a member of the Hamilton House Board, urges Mr. Wiener on. The budget is $12,000, with a deficit carried by Henry Street Settlement House.

1950 In the 1950s the first Hamilton-Madison House Thrift Store opens on Madison Street. The thrift store moves uptown to Third Avenue and moves again on Third Avenue before locating on Second Avenue.

1951 The Golden Age Group of Chinatown is established as a group of Chinese senior citizens at Hamilton House.

1952 In February, Hamilton House offers counseling and family care work as an experimental project through an arrangement with the Family Services Division of the Community Service Society of New York.

1953 When the second half of Smith Houses is completed, a community space and a 55 child pre-school Day Care Center are allocated. Hamilton House is named the sponsor. In a dedication ceremony in March 1953, Eleanor Roosevelt is the principal speaker.

1954 Hamilton House and Madison House merge.

1954 Shirley Chisholm is named the Director of the Child Care Center of Hamilton-Madison House.

1955 The Two Bridge Neighborhood Council is founded and flourishes as a community wide citizen's action organization.

1967 Hamilton-Madison House establishes an Adolescent Service Center on an experimental basis. The Tenants' Association, an independent body of tenants of Smith Houses, functions out of Hamilton-Madison House.

1969 Hamilton-Madison House establishes Big Brother and Sister Corps and Services to Chinese Immigrants.

1970 Susan Chan is hired as a social worker for a Chinese Immigrant Program at Hamilton-Madison House.

1973 Hamilton-Madison House celebrates its 75th Anniversary with a party on the South Street Seaport Pier, on May 17

1974 The Chinatown Children's Consultation Center (CCCC), the first such mental health facility in New York City, opens on May 29 at 103 Canal Street.

1974 In May, Hamilton-Madison House and other Lower East Side Settlements found the Lower East Side Family Union, an agency designed to work with problem families to prevent foster care placement of their children.

1976 In January, Frank T. Modica becomes executive director of Hamilton-Madison House.

1978 The Chinatown Family Consultation Center moves to 46 Henry Street.

1978 The First Chinese Banquet Benefit is held in December.

1979 Short-term programs are set up to aid the Indo-Chinese boat people. The Chinatown Family Consultation Center treats Chinese patients in 12 dialects

1980 The Indo-Chinese Refugee Program is funded in February 1980 by the State Department of Social Services through a joint proposal submitted by Hamilton-Madison House and the Chinatown Planning Council.

1981 Helen Hall, a celebrated leader in the settlement movement and social services and the Honorary Chairperson of Hamilton-Madison House, dies.

1981 Head Start expands from 95 to 145 children. An additional classroom is rented for the program at PS 126.

1982 Hamilton-Madison House is asked by the State Office of Mental Health to help design and sponsor a unique, new program: The Asian American Mental Health Demonstration Project. In the fall, specialized bilingual, bicultural services begin for the city's Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Southeast Asian communities. The programs are sensitive to the special needs of Asians in New York City.

1983 Hamilton-Madison House opens its first office in another borough, the Korean Clinic in Flushing.

1983 In January, the Chinatown Alcoholism Project begins the first of its kind in the nation. Activities focus on community education, outreach counseling, information, referral and networking.

1983 Two grants from the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies help Hamilton-Madison House to bring together the churches and synagogues in the area to come up with beds for the homeless.

1985 The Asian American Mental Health Services becomes funded completely by the NYC Department of Mental Health as a permanent program.

1986 Hamilton-Madison House celebrates the settlement movement centennial with a black-tie benefit on Thursday, June 5. Four prominent settlement workers and alumni of Hamilton-Madison House are honored: Dr. Algernon Black, Helen L. Buttenweiser, Shirley Chisholm Hardwick and Lillian Robbins.

1987 The Korean Clinic moves Elmhurst, Queens.

1988 First tenants move into Two Bridges Neighborhood Council's Helen Harris Apartments. Senior Services expand. A daily hot lunch program for seniors is introduced. Through an intergenerational program, teens are hired to escort homebound seniors to visit doctors, banks and to shop. New bonds of understanding and trust are being forged between generations.

1990 The Bicultural/Bilingual Chinese Master of Social Work Project is initiated in cooperation with the Hunter School of Social Work

1991 HMH resumes The Golden Age Group of Chinatown renaming it the H.M.H, City Hall Senior Center. It expands during the following years to serve more than 3,000 Chinese from Manhattan and the other boroughs of New York City.

1992 The Ryan White Teen Outreach Project is established. It attended to the needs of the HIV/AIDS at-risk and affected youth and their families in Smith Houses and the Catherine Street Family Respite Center.

1993 Hamilton-Madison House celebrates its 95th birthday. Dedication of the Children's Mural Project for the HMH gymnasium takes place.

1994 Hamilton-Madison House opens a Supported Housing facility in Queens, the only one of its kind specializing in permanent housing for Asian American mental health patients.

1995 Susan Chan, Associate Executive Director, represented the International Federation of Settlements and Neighborhood Centers to participate at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. She also attended the Non-Governmental Organization Conference in Beijing in August.

1995 John S. Karger and Eugenia Willard were honored for their long commitment to Hamilton-Madison House Mr. Karger, a member of the Board of Directors, began as a volunteer in the After School Program in the 1930s. In 1988 he joined the Board of Directors of Hamilton-Madison House and served as its president for two terms. Eugenia Willard began serving as a volunteer at Hamilton House during World War II. Mrs. Willard, a member of the Board of Directors since 1942 continued her volunteer work at the House and also served as president of Hamilton House from 1952 - 1954. Both continue to serve actively as Trustees on the Hamilton-Madison House Board of Trustees,

1996 The HMH Knickerbocker Village Senior Center opens its program in the Knickerbocker Village Apartment complex to serve approximately 300 seniors. A Senior Companion Program for homebound elderly, direct services and other activities attracts many isolated older adults to participate actively in life again.

1997 The Two Bridges Tower at 253 South Street, a residential building containing 138 units for mixed income families and 60 units for the formerly homeless opened. Two Bridges Neighborhood Council and Settlement Housing Fund built the Tower and Hamilton-Madison House and occupy two floors.

1997 In May 1997, a milestone is reached when HMH renowned multilingual, multicultural mental health programs are centralized at 253 South Street. The Korean Unit continues to operate out of its Queens location.

1997 Hamilton-Madison House's Head Start and Day Care Centers are centralized. Almost all of the programs in the newly organized Hamilton-Madison House Childcare Center offer services from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. daily.

1997 Geoffrey R. Wiener is honored for his fifty years of continuous service to Hamilton-Madison House. Mr. Wiener began as Acting Head Worker (executive director) at Hamilton House in 1947 and continued to serve until 1954 when Hamilton House and Madison House merged. He then became the executive director of the newly formed settlement and served until 1963 while also serving on the board of directors. He has served since 1963 in various capacities on the HMH Board of Directors.

1997 Recognizing that computer literacy is as important to survival at work and school as learning English a Computer Center is established.

1998 The Centennial Year. Highlights for our Centennial included the 19th Annual Chinatown Banquet on March 27 at Jing Fong on Elizabeth Street; an HMH photo exhibit at the Tenement Museum on April 2; a Centennial Street Fair on September 26; and a Black Tie Gala held on November 9 at the Downtown Marriott. Program highlights include the closing of the Ryan White Teen Outreach Program and the initiation of the Teen Reach Program, the starting of the Women Talk Program, which combines English and computer classes for Chinese speaking women.

1998 Hamilton-Madison House embarks on its "Second Century of Service" to the Two Bridges/Chinatown community.

1998 Prevocational Training Program is initiated. Computer classes and a carpentry workshop help prepare area residents for the job market. A job developer/volunteer coordinator is hired to help with resume preparation and interview techniques.

1999 The Calder Foundation funds the new Children's Computer Literacy Center for kindergarten age children.

2001 In response to the tragic events of September 11th attacks Hamilton-Madison House staff hire 10 new social workers, who provide grief and disaster counseling to children and adults. The free services are available in 10 languages including 5 dialects of Chinese

2002 The City Hall Senior Center moves to a new location at 100 Gold Street just in time to celebrate its 50-year anniversary in December.

2002 Hamilton-Madison House initiates the "Heritage Gala", by honoring its Italian heritage. $140,000 was raised for the endowment fund.

2003 New program highlights: Chinatown Resource Center opens at 202 Canal Street, in March; the Social Adult Day Program opens in June; the Sunrise Psychosocial Club opens in September; and the Korean Clinic moves to a new location in Jackson Heights, Queens. The Sunrise Social Club and the Korean Clinic are dedicated to Dr. Foo Chu.

2007 Hamilton-Madison House is among over 530 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $30 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.^[4]

Related Research Articles

The Henry Street Settlement is a not-for-profit social service agency in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City that provides social services, arts programs and health care services to New Yorkers of all ages. It was founded under the name Nurses' Settlement in 1893 by progressive reformer and nurse Lillian Wald.

Supportive housing is a combination of housing and services intended as a cost-effective way to help people live more stable, productive lives, and is an active "community services and funding" stream across the United States. It was developed by different professional academics and US governmental departments that supported housing. Supportive housing is widely believed to work well for those who face the most complex challenges—individuals and families confronted with homelessness and who also have very low incomes and/or serious, persistent issues that may include substance use disorders, mental health, HIV/AIDS, chronic illness, diverse disabilities or other serious challenges to stable housing.

Chinatown, Boston is a neighborhood located in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is the only surviving historic ethnic Chinese enclave in New England since the demise of the Chinatowns in Providence, Rhode Island and Portland, Maine after the 1950s. Because of the high population of Asians and Asian Americans living in this area of Boston, there is an abundance of Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants located in Chinatown. It is one of the most densely populated residential areas in Boston and serves as the largest center of its East Asian and Southeast Asian cultural life.

So Others Might Eat (SOME) is a nonprofit organization that provides services to assist those dealing with poverty and homelessness in Washington, D.C. The organization provides affordable housing, job training, counseling and other healthcare services, and daily needs such as food and clothing to the poor and homeless. It spends the largest portion of its annual budget on affordable housing, with a majority of its residents recovering from addiction. SOME describes its mission as helping "our vulnerable neighbors in Washington, DC, break the cycle of homelessness through our comprehensive and transformative services".

A group home, congregate living facility, care home, adult family home, etc., is a structured and supervised residence model that provides assisted living and medical care for those with complex health needs. Traditionally, the model has been used for children or young people who cannot live with their families or afford their own homes, people with chronic disabilities who may be adults or seniors, or people with dementia and related aged illnesses. Typically, there are no more than six residents, and there is at least one trained caregiver there 24 hours a day. In some early "model programs", a house manager, night manager, weekend activity coordinator, and four part-time skill teachers were reported. Originally, the term group home referred to homes of 8 to 16 individuals, which was a state-mandated size during deinstitutionalization. Residential nursing facilities, also included in this article, may be as large in 2015 as 100 individuals, which is no longer the case in fields such as intellectual and developmental disabilities. Depending on the severity of the condition requiring one to need to live in a group home, some clients are able to attend day programs and most clients are able to live normal lifestyles.

The Hudson Guild is a community-based social services organization rooted in and primarily focused on the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was founded in 1897 by Dr. John Lovejoy Elliott as a settlement house, with the intention of helping to alleviate the problems of the immigrant community of Chelsea's industrial area. The Guild continues to provide a variety of programs and services, including after-school care, professional counselling and community arts programs to the neighborhood.

The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF) is a New York-based national organization founded in 1974 that seeks to protect and promote the civil rights of Asian Americans. By combining litigation, advocacy, education, and organizing, AALDEF works with Asian American communities across the country to secure human rights for all.

Two Bridges is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, nestled at the southern end of the Lower East Side and Chinatown on the East River waterfront, near the footings of Brooklyn Bridge and of Manhattan Bridge. The neighborhood has been considered to be a part of the Lower East Side for much of its history. Two Bridges has traditionally been an immigrant neighborhood, previously populated by immigrants from Europe, and more recently from Latin America and China. The Two Bridges Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in September 2003.

Lenox Hill Neighborhood House is a multi-service community-based organization that serves people in need on the East Side of Manhattan and on Roosevelt Island. Founded in 1894 as a free kindergarten for the children of indigent immigrants and as one of the first settlement houses in the nation, Lenox Hill Neighborhood House is the oldest and largest provider of social, legal and educational services on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Each year, they assist thousands of individuals and families who range in age from 3 to 103, represent dozens of races, ethnicities and countries of origin and "live, work, go to school or access services" on the East Side from 14th Street to 143rd Street and on Roosevelt Island. Their clients include indigent families and the working poor who live in the East Side's housing projects and tenements or who travel to the Upper East Side to work in low-wage jobs such as cashiers, housekeepers, nannies and laborers; 10,000 seniors; and hundreds of mentally ill homeless and formerly homeless adults. They have five locations between 54th and 102nd Streets, offer programs at dozens of East Side locations; their headquarters is located on East 70th Street.

The University Settlement Society of New York is an American organization which provides educational and social services to immigrants and low-income families, located at 184 Eldridge Street on the Lower East Side of the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York. It provides numerous services for the mostly immigrant population of the neighborhood and has since 1886, when it was established as the first settlement house in the United States.

Grand Street Settlement is a historic social service institution on the Lower East Side and Brooklyn in New York City, United States. The institute was founded in 1916 in response to the needs of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe who were settling in the area. Over 17,500 individuals currently participate in Grand Street Settlement's programs.

Madison Street is a two-way thoroughfare in the Lower East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan that begins under the Brooklyn Bridge entrance ramp and ends at Grand Street. It is roughly sixteen large city blocks long. Due to security measures implemented after the September 11 attacks, public access to the part of the street before St. James Place is restricted.

Union Settlement is one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City, providing community-based services and programs that support the immigrant and low-income residents of East Harlem since 1895. It is East Harlem’s largest social service agency and serves 10,000 people annually through programs including early childhood education, youth services, senior services, adult education, mental health, small business development and community outreach.

The New York Foundation is a charitable foundation which gives grants to non-profit organizations supporting community organizing and advocacy in New York City.

The community health center (CHC) in the United States is the dominant model for providing integrated primary care and public health services for the low-income and uninsured, and represents one use of federal grant funding as part of the country's health care safety net. The health care safety net can be defined as a group of health centers, hospitals, and providers willing to provide services to the nation's uninsured and underserved population, thus ensuring that comprehensive care is available to all, regardless of income or insurance status. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 29 million people in the country were uninsured in 2015. Many more Americans lack adequate coverage or access to health care. These groups are sometimes called "underinsured". CHCs represent one method of accessing or receiving health and medical care for both underinsured and uninsured communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese-American Planning Council</span>

Founded in 1965, the Chinese-American Planning Council, Inc. (CPC) is one of the largest non-profit providers of educational, social, and community services for Asian-Americans in the United States. It now services over 8,000 people daily through some 50+ programs at over 30 locations citywide. It administers early childhood, school-age child care, youth, community, workforce development, and senior services. Its mission is to serve the Chinese-American, immigrant, and low-income communities in New York City by providing services, skills, and resources towards economic self-sufficiency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erie Neighborhood House</span>

Erie Neighborhood House is a social service agency that works primarily with low-income, immigrant families in Chicago, Illinois. Operations began in 1870 as a ministry of Holland Presbyterian Church, a Protestant congregation located northwest of Chicago's Loop, and the organization quickly became part of the settlement house movement that emerged in the late 19th century. It currently offers programs and services from four locations—two in Chicago's West Town community area, a third in Little Village, and fourth at Jose De Diego Elementary School in East Humboldt Park—to a population characterized as predominantly Latino.

Greenwich House is a West Village settlement house in New York City.

References

↑ Stroup, Herbert Hewitt (1986). Social Welfare Pioneers. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-88229-212-0 . Retrieved 2008-10-11.
↑ Woods, Robert Archey; Albert Joseph Kennedy (1970). Handbook of Settlements. Ayer Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-405-02486-3 . Retrieved 2008-10-11.
↑ Spewack, Bella; Bella Cohen Spewack (1995). Streets . Feminist Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-1-55861-153-5 . Retrieved 2008-10-11. Madison House +downtown.
↑ Roberts, Sam (2005-07-06). "New York Times: City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04. Retrieved on August 28, 2007

External links

Official website

40°42′43″N73°59′52″W / 40.71192°N 73.99790°W / 40.71192; -73.99790

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] Stroup, Herbert Hewitt (1986). Social Welfare Pioneers. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-88229-212-0 . Retrieved 2008-10-11.

[2] Woods, Robert Archey; Albert Joseph Kennedy (1970). Handbook of Settlements. Ayer Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-405-02486-3 . Retrieved 2008-10-11.

[3] Spewack, Bella; Bella Cohen Spewack (1995). Streets . Feminist Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-1-55861-153-5 . Retrieved 2008-10-11. Madison House +downtown.

[4] Roberts, Sam (2005-07-06). "New York Times: City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04. Retrieved on August 28, 2007

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]