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Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance, usually due to cooling.
Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%. This means that every kilogram of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts. Average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F). The coldest seawater ever recorded was in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier, and measured −2.6 °C (27.3 °F). Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.
Ranunculus is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus include the buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots. The petals are often highly lustrous, especially in yellow species, owing to a special coloration mechanism: the petal's upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror-like reflection. The flash aids in attracting pollinating insects and temperature regulation of the flower's reproductive organs. Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.
Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are typically 1–5 μm in length and do not produce spores. The most common and pathogenic of the species in the genus, S. marcescens, is normally the only pathogen and usually causes nosocomial infections. However, rare strains of S. plymuthica, S. liquefaciens, S. rubidaea, and S. odoriferae have caused diseases through infection. S. marcescens is typically found in showers, toilet bowls, and around wetted tiles. Some members of this genus produce characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase (nucA), lipase, and gelatinase (serralysin).
This article gives an overview of the aquatic communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
Ranunculus aquatilis, the common water-crowfoot or white water-crowfoot, is a plant species of the genus Ranunculus, native throughout most of Europe and western North America, and also northwest Africa.
Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing. Stagnant water can be a major environmental hazard.
Chryseobacterium greenlandense is an ultramicrobacteria species, of bacteria that is able to live for long periods of time in low-temperature, high-pressure, reduced-oxygen and nutrient-poor habitats. It is known to have survived for more than 120,000 years in an ice block in Greenland, at a depth of 3,000 metres (1.9 mi).
Herminiimonas is a genus of bacteria in the Oxalobacteraceae family. It contains Betaproteobacteria that have been isolated from spring and mineral waters. The type species, H. fonticola, was first recovered from the borehole of bottled mineral water in eastern Portugal.
Herminiimonas glaciei is a species of ultramicrobacterium in the family Oxalobacteraceae. These small gram-negative cells have a variable number of long flagella at the ends and sides of their rod-shaped bodies. With dimensions of 0.5–0.9 by 0.3–0.4 µm, H. glaciei is roughly 10 to 50 times smaller than Escherichia coli. Discovered in 2009, the species was isolated from 120,000 years old glacial ice, 3,042 metres (1.9 mi) deep, from Greenland. It was revived after a long-term incubation—seven months of oxygen-free growth at 2 °C, followed by growth on agar plates at 5 °C for almost five months. DNA sequence analysis suggests that with a sequence similarity of 99.6%, H. glaciei is most closely related to H. saxobsidens, a species originally isolated from lichen-colonized rock. Loveland-Curtze, head of the team of scientists from Pennsylvania State University who found the species, speculates that it may offer insight into the existence of organisms in extraterrestrial habitats.
Herminiimonas fonticola is the type species of the bacterial genus Herminiimonas. It was first recovered from the borehole of bottled mineral water in Eastern Portugal.
Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans is a species of ultramicrobacteria. First reported in 2006, it was isolated from industrial sludge and is able to oxidise the toxic chemical element arsenic.
Herminiimonas saxobsidens is a species of ultramicrobacteria. First reported in 2007, it was isolated from a rock surface colonized with lichens.
Railway Stell West is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Sedgefield district of County Durham, England. The site consists of a length of ditch alongside the East Coast Main Line railway, 3 km east of the town of Newton Aycliffe.
The species of the genus Aquabacterium are motile, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative bacteria which were isolated from drinking water biofilms in Berlin. Identified species include Aquabacterium citratiphilum, Aquabacterium parvum, and Aquabacterium commune. Three bacterial strains isolated from biofilms of the Berlin drinking water system were characterized with respect to their morphological and physiological properties and their taxonomic position. Phenotypically, the bacteria investigated were motile, Gram-negative rods, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative, and contained polyalkanoates and polyphosphate as storage polymers. They displayed a microaerophilic growth behaviour and used oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors, but not nitrite, chlorate, sulfate, or ferric iron. The substrates metabolized included a broad range of organic acids, but no carbohydrates at all. The three species can be distinguished from each other by their substrate use, ability to hydrolyse urea and casein, cellular protein patterns, and growth on nutrient-rich media, as well as their temperature, pH, and NaCl tolerances. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, revealed that the isolates are affiliated to the beta 1-subclass of Proteobacteria. The isolates constitute three new species with internal levels of DNA relatedness ranging from 44.9 to 51.3%. It is proposed that a new genus, Aquabacterium gen. nov., should be created, including Aquabacterium citratiphilum sp. nov., Aquabacterium parvum sp. nov., and Aquabacterium commune sp. nov. The type species of the new genus is Aquabacterium commune.
Aquabacterium citratiphilum is a Gram-negative, catalase-negative bacterium from the genus Aquabacterium and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated with Aquabacterium commune and Aquabacterium parvum from biofilms of drinking water in Berlin.
Serratia aquatilis is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Serratia, which has been isolated from drinking-water systems.
Sphingomonas koreensis is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from natural mineral water in Taejon in Korea. Sphingomonas koreensis can cause meningitis on humans.
Dahi is a traditional yogurt or fermented milk product, originating from the Indian subcontinent, usually prepared from cow's milk, and sometimes buffalo milk, or goat milk. It is popular throughout the Indian subcontinent. The word curd is used in Indian English to refer to homemade yogurt, while the term yogurt refers to the pasteurized commercial variety known as heat treated fermented milk.
Nevskia aquatilis is an aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Nevskia which has been isolated from wather from aquifer from Portugal.
References
- ↑ Kämpfer P, Busse HJ, Falsen E (June 2006). "Herminiimonas aquatilis sp. nov., a new species from drinking water". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 29 (4): 287–91. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2005.12.009. PMID 16436326.
