Hired armed cutter Constitution

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Constitution.

History
Great Britain
Name	Constitution
Namesake	Constitution
Commissioned	6 November 1796
Fate	Captured 9 January 1801
General characteristics [1]
Type	Cutter
Tons burthen	12161⁄94 (bm)
Propulsion	Sails
Sail plan	Cutter or schooner
Armament	12 x 4 pounder guns
History
United Kingdom
Name	Constitution
Commissioned	4 May 1804
Fate	Sunk 26 August 1804
General characteristics [2]
Type	Cutter
Tons burthen	12034⁄94 (bm)
Propulsion	Sails
Sail plan	Cutter or schooner
Armament	10 x 12 pounder carronades

Two vessels have borne the designation, His Majesty's hired armed cutter Constitution. The first served the British Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary Wars. The second served briefly at the start of the Napoleonic Wars and was sunk in 1804. The two cutters are similar enough that may have been the same vessel; at this juncture it is impossible to know.

The first hired armed cutter Constitution

This vessel served on a contract from 6 November 1796 to 7 November 1801. She was of 12161⁄94 tons (bm) and carried twelve 4-pounder guns. ^[1]

On 7 November 1798, Constitution, under the command of Lieutenant John Whiston, was among the vessels that participated in the capture of Minorca. Commodore Duckworth, the naval commander, mentioned Whiston's services in the letter Duckworth wrote on the campaign. ^[3] She also shared in the prize money for the capture. ^[4]

Constitution detained Zum Gutten Ensbrick, Wevers, master, which had been sailing from Rotterdam to St. Andero. The prize arrived at Plymouth on 24 April 1799. ^[5]

When Unicorn captured the French brig St Antoine, on 9 June 1799, Constitution, was entitled to share in the proceeds. ^[6]

On 31 August, the Danish ship Denmark, Kaften, master, arrived at Plymouth. She had been on a voyage from Havana to Hamburg with a cargo of sugar, coffee, indigo, and cotton, supposedly Spanish property, when Constitution detained her. ^[7]

Constitution and the hired armed cutter Penelope shared in the proceeds of the capture of the Danish brig Neptunus. ^[8]

Two French privateers, each of 14 guns, captured Constitution on 9 January 1801 off the Isle of Portland. Constitution, and her crew of some 40 men was under the command of Lieutenant W.H. Faulknor. After an engagement that left Constitution's rigging cut to pieces, the French boarded and captured her. Constitution suffered eight men killed or wounded; French casualties were 26 men killed or wounded. (One French vessel had a crew of 95 men and the other 85.) Although the French took Constitution's crew on board their two vessels, they left Faulknor aboard her. ^{[9] [10]} That same evening Harpy and the revenue cutter Greyhound recaptured Constitution. ^{[11] [10]} The subsequent court martial of Faulknor for the loss honourably acquitted him. ^[12]

The second hired armed cutter Constitution

This vessel served on a contract from 4 May 1804 to 26 August 1804, when she was sunk off Boulogne. She was of 12034⁄94 tons (bm) and carried ten 12-pounder carronades. ^[2]

On 26 August 1804, Constitution was under the command of Lieutenant James Samuel Aked Dennis. Her master was Mr. Mowle.

Immortalite, Harpy, Adder, and Constitution attacked a French flotilla of 60 brigs and luggers off Cape Gris Nez. The British vessels were within range of shore batteries that fired on them. ^[13]

Constitution was chasing a gun-brig, of 12 guns, and two lugger-rigged yachts, painted with white bottoms and green sides, and richly gilt, supposedly carrying some important officers. When Constitution got close enough to fire grapeshot from her carronades, the luggers lowered their sails and masts, and their crews rowed as fast as possible for the shore. ^[14]

As Constitution pursued the luggers, a 13" shell fell into Constitution, falling through the deck and hull without exploding. Water started coming in faster than the pumps could handle and her crew abandoned her; the other vessels in the squadron rescued them. ^[15]

A shell hit Harpy too, also without exploding. It killed a seaman as it hit, and the crew speculated that his blood had extinguished the fuse. Another account had the shell breaking a beam, which tore out the fuse. When the shell came to rest, a seaman picked it up and plunged it into a bucket. ^[14] Some shots hit Immortalite, wounding four men. The British succeeded in driving some vessels ashore, but the great bulk of the flotilla reached Boulogne. The British squadron engaged in some small skirmishes over the next two days, but without notable results. ^[13]

Citations

1. Winfield (2008), p. 389.
2. Winfield (2008), p. 393.
3. "No. 15091". The London Gazette . 24 December 1798. pp. 1231–1233.
4. "No. 15627". The London Gazette . 6 October 1803. p. 1367.
5. Naval Chronicle, Vol. 1, p.536.
6. "No. 15197". The London Gazette . 22 October 1799. p. 1101.
7. Naval Chronicle, Vol. 2, p.351.
8. "No. 15501". The London Gazette . 27 July 1802. p. 795.
9. The Britannic magazine; or entertaining repository of heroic adventures. Vol. 1-8. p. 203.
10. Hepper (2023), p. 211.
11. Norie (1827), pp.179 & 458.
12. Naval Chronicle, Vol. 7, p.350.
13. Marshall (1824), pp. 129–30.
14. Naval Chronicle, Vol. 12, p.247.
15. Hepper (2023), p. 228.

References

• Hepper, David J. (2023). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1649-1860. Seaforth. ISBN   9781399031028.
• Marshall, John (1824). "Owen, Edward William Campbell Rich"  . Royal Naval Biography . Vol. 2, part 1. London: Longman and company.
• Norie, J. W. (1842) The naval gazetteer, biographer, and chronologist : containing a history of the late wars, from their commencement in 1793 to their conclusion in 1801 ; and from their re-commencement in 1803 to their final conclusion in 1815 ; and continued, as to the biographical part, to the present time. (London, C. Wilson).
• Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN   1-86176-246-1.