HMS Duguay-Trouin (1780)

Last updated

History
Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg France
NameDuguay Trouin
Namesake René Duguay-Trouin
Builder Havre
Launched1779
Captured29 January 1780
Naval Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg Great Britain
NameHMS Duguay-Trouin
Acquired29 January 1780 by capture
FateSold 30 October 1783
British-Red-Ensign-1707.svgGreat Britain
NameChristopher
OwnerJ. Bolton
AcquiredBy purchase c. end-1783
FateLost 7 September 1804
General characteristics [1]
Tons burthen242, [2] [3] or 2516694, or 256 [3] (bm)
Length
  • Overall:86 ft 2 in (26.3 m)
  • Keel:68 ft 10+12 in (21.0 m)
Beam26 ft 3 in (8.0 m)
Depth of hold12 ft 9 in (3.9 m)
Propulsion Sails
Sail plan Full-rigged ship
Complement
Armament
  • Privateer:14 or 18 guns
  • HMS: 4 × 18-pounder carronades + 14 × 6-pounder guns + 10 × ½-pounder swivel guns
  • 1793:14 × 6-pounder guns [3]
  • 1797:16 × 6-pounder guns [3]
  • 1798:16 × 6-pounder guns [3]
  • 1800:16 × 6-pounder guns [3]
  • 1804:16 × 4-pounder guns [3]

HMS Duguay-Trouin was an 18-gun French privateer sloop launched in 1779 at Le Havre. Surprise captured her in 1780 and the British Royal Navy took her into service under her existing name. It sold Duguay-Trouin on 30 October 1783. She then became the West Indiaman Christopher. She captured several French merchant vessels. Later she became a Liverpool-based slave ship, making five voyages in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She was lost at Charleston in September 1804 in a hurricane.

Contents

French privateer

Duguay Trouin was a 150-tonne French privateer sloop of 168 men and 18 to 20 guns, under Pierre-Denis Ducasso. [4]

On 29 January 1780, Surprise captured Duguay Trouin off the Dodman. [5] The High Court of Admiralty condemned her on 6 March, [2] and the Royal Navy took her in, retaining her name.

Royal Navy

Commander George Stoney commissioned Duguay-Trouin in May. Then on 29 November she sailed for the Leeward Islands. [1]

Commander John Fish took command in February 1781 at Jamaica. Duguay Trouin then had a number of successes: [6]

In August, Commander Benjamin Hulke replaced Fish. [1]

On 12 February 1783, a three-ship flotilla, headed by the 28-gun corvette La Coquette under the command of the Marquis de Grasse-Briançon (nephew to Admiral Comte de Grasse), arrived at Grand Turk Island. [7] The flotilla disembarked about 400 men, drawn from four regiments, under the command of M. de Coujolles, who took control of the island without resistance.

On 2 March the 44-gun HMS Resistance, under the command of Captain James King, while sailing in company with Duguay Trouin, discovered two of the French ships anchored in Turks Island passage. [8] On being spotted the two ships cut their cables and stood to the southwest, upon which Resistance gave chase. The rearmost ship, carrying 20 guns, sprang her main topmast; she surrendered after Resistance came up and fired a broadside. Resistance then gave chase to the other, and after enduring fire from her stern chasers, came alongside; La Coquette promptly surrendered. [7]

On 15 March Duguay Trouin captured Ville de Trieste. [9]

Disposal: After the American War of Independence and the war with France had ended, the Navy sold Duguay Trouin on 30 October 1783.

Christopher

One or more merchants purchased Duguay Trouin and registered her on 2 December 1784 under the name Christopher. [2] The merchant may have been the Liverpool merchant John Bolton. Christopher entered Lloyd's Register in 1786 (there is no issue for 1785), with J. Bolton owner, T. Scott, master, changing to J. Smith, and trade Liverpool-St Vincent. [10] The Liverpool Registry in 1786 still showed Bolton as Christopher's owner. [2]

Captain James Smith received a letter of marque for Christopher on 19 September 1793. [3] Under his command she captured three French vessels with produce from the West Indies, and a privateer from Martinique of 12 guns and 44 men. [11] Smith brought into St Vincent a vessel from Guadeloupe that was carrying 150 hogsheads of sugar. [12] (Whether his was one of the three French vessels already alluded to or not is impossible to say.)

Captain John Tomkinson replaced Smith on 23 October 1794, and Captain Henry Bond replaced Tomkinson on 20 July 1795 at Grenada. Robert Ramsey took command on 6 October 1797. [2] He received a letter of marque on 10 October. [3] Lloyd's Register for 1798 had J. Watson replacing "R. Rumsey" as master, and gave Christopher's trade as Liverpool-Demerara. [13] John "Matson" received a letter of marque on 29 June 1798. [3] (Matson appears to be a transcription error for Watson.)

Between 1799 and 1804 Christopher undertook five enslaving voyages, almost one per year.

1st voyage (1798–1799): Captain John Watson sailed from Liverpool on 30 July 1798. He started embarking captives on 15 October 1798. He acquired the captives at Anomabu, Elmina, and Cape Coast Castle, and windward. Christopher arrived at Demerara on 7 May 1799 with 388 captives. She sailed for Liverpool on 19 July and arrived there on 19 September. At some point during the voyage command transferred to John McIsaac. Christopher had left Liverpool with 38 crew members and had suffered eight crew deaths on her voyage. [14]

The Register of Shipping for 1800 gave her master's name as J. Watson, changing to "Kiswick". [15]

2nd voyage (1800–1801): However, it was Captain John Roach who acquired a letter of marque on 1 March 1800. [3] He sailed from Liverpool on 20 March, and acquired captives on the Windward Coast. Christopher arrived at Demerara on 29 December with 254 captives. She sailed for Liverpool on 2 March 1801 and arrived there on 20 April. She had left Liverpool with 40 crew members and had suffered five crew deaths on her voyage. [16]

In 1801 Christopher was almost rebuilt. [17]

3rd voyage (1801–1802): John Hurd (or J. Hird), master, sailed from Liverpool on 3 September 1801. [lower-alpha 1] Because this voyage and the next began during the Peace of Amiens, Hurd did not sail under a letter of marque. Christopher arrived at Trinidad and Tobago on 8 May 1802 with 271 captives. She sailed for Liverpool on 4 July and arrived back there on 17 August. She had left Liverpool with 38 crew members and had suffered seven crew deaths on her voyage. [18]

4th voyage (1802–1803): Captain John Hurd sailed from Liverpool on 11 October 1802. He acquired captives on the Windward Coast. Christopher arrived at Tortola on 27 June 1803 with 239 captives. She sailed for Liverpool on 1 August and arrived there on 26 September. She had left Liverpool with 29 crew members and had suffered five crew deaths on her voyage. [19]

5th voyage (1804): Captain Robert Woodward received a letter of marque on 15 February 1804. [3] He sailed on 16 March 1804 and acquired captives at the Congo River. Christopher arrived at Charleston on 4 September 1804 with 270 captives. [20] Woodward had died on 4 August. [21] Captain Christoper Eskildson replaced him. [20]

Fate

Christopher was lost on 7 September 1804 at Charleston in the 1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane, [22] after having disembarked her captives. She had left Liverpool with 39 crew members and had suffered five crew deaths on her voyage. [20]

The notation "Lost" appeared in the Register of Shipping for 1806. [23] Lloyd's Register continued to list her with Woodward, master, Bolton, owner, and trade Liverpool-Africa to 1809, [17]

In 1806, 33 British slave ships were lost; eight were lost on the Middle Passage, i.e, after leaving Africa and before leaving for home. [24] Although Christopher was lost to a hurricane, during the period 1793 to 1807, war, not maritime hazards nor slave resistance was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British slave vessels. [25]

Notes

  1. For this and the subsequent two voyages, Christopher's owner was Richard Trotter Tatham. The Register of Shipping and Lloyd's Register continue to carry John Bolton as owner.

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Winfield (2007), p. 289.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Craig & Jarvis (1967), p. 8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Register of Letters of Marque against France 1793-1815"; p.56 Archived July 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  4. Demerliac (1996), p. 181, n°1763.
  5. "No. 12141". The London Gazette . 2 December 1780. p. 2.
  6. "No. 12255". The London Gazette . 22 December 1781. pp. 1–3.
  7. 1 2 Duncan. The British Trident. p. 133.
  8. Duncan. The British Trident. p. 132.
  9. "No. 13007". The London Gazette . 12 July 1788. p. 338.
  10. Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq. №C264.
  11. Williams (1897), p. 329.
  12. Lloyd's List №2595.
  13. Lloyd's Register (1798), Seq. №C296.
  14. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Christopher voyage #80837.
  15. Register of Shipping (1800), Seq. №C293.
  16. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Christopher voyage #80838.
  17. 1 2 Lloyd's Register (1809), Seq.№C457.
  18. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Christopher voyage #80839.
  19. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Christopher voyage #80840.
  20. 1 2 3 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Christopher voyage #80841.
  21. Behrendt (1990), p. 138.
  22. "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 11064. 3 November 1804.
  23. Register of Shipping (1806), Seq. №C452.
  24. Inikori (1996), p. 62.
  25. Inikori (1996), p. 58.

Related Research Articles

Elliott was launched at Liverpool in 1783. She made ten voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade, carrying enslaved people from West Africa to the West Indies. Next, she made one voyage as a whaler. She then became a merchantman, sailing between England and South America. In November 1807 French privateers captured her.

Wilding was launched at Liverpool in 1788 and spent much of her career as a West Indiaman, sailing between Liverpool and Jamaica. During this time, in November 1794, she participated in a single-ship action during which her opponent, a French privateer, blew up. In 1798 after a series of captures and recaptures she briefly became a transport for the French Navy, but a final recapture returned her to British hands. Later, she made one voyage to the South Pacific as a whaler, and one voyage to the Cape of Good Hope as a victualler for the 1795-1796 invasion of the Cape. She traded with the West Indies, Africa, the United States, and Russia. Her crew abandoned her in September 1824, dismasted and in a sinking state.

Allison was launched in France in 1776, almost certainly under another name. The British captured her in 1795. Between 1796 and 1799 she made two whaling voyages to the British southern whale fishery. Then between 1799 and 1807 she made three voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. Between the first and the second a French privateer captured her, but British letters of marque recaptured her. The British slave trade was abolished in 1807 and thereafter Allison traded primarily as a coaster. After about 1840 she began to trade to America and Africa. She was lost c.1846.

Otter was launched at Liverpool in 1797, initially as a West Indiaman. She made seven voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. During her career she captured one merchantman and recaptured another. She was lost in 1807 on her way back to Britain from her seventh enslaving voyage.

Sarah was launched at Liverpool in 1803. She made a short voyage as a privateer during which she captured a valuable prize. She then made two voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. A French naval squadron captured her early in her third enslaving voyage.

Governor Dowdeswell was launched in 1798 in Spain or France under another name. The British captured her in 1800. New owners in Liverpool renamed her and employed her as a slave ship for five voyages in the triangular trade in enslaved people. With the end of the British slave trade in 1807, new owners employed her as a whaler. She made one complete whaling voyage to the Pacific but the Spanish seized he during her second whaling voyage there.

Minerva was launched in 1795 at Lancaster as a West Indiaman. In 1801 she was captured but immediately recaptured. Between 1802 and 1808 she made five voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She was last listed in 1816.

Ariadne was built in 1795 at Newbury, Massachusetts, probably under another name. She in 1801 became a Liverpool-based slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She made two voyages transporting enslaved people before a French, and later a Dutch privateer, captured her in 1804 while she was acquiring captives on her third voyage. However, a Liverpool-based vessel recaptured her. Then in 1806, a French privateer captured her and took her into Guadeloupe while Ariadne was on her fourth voyage transporting captives.

Horatio was launched in 1800 at Liverpool. She made four voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. During two of these voyages she was captured and recaptured. Shortly before the British slave trade ended she left the slave trade and sailed between Britain and South America and as a West Indiaman. She was wrecked in 1817.

Angola was launched in 1799 at Lancaster. She became a Liverpool-based slave ship that had made four voyages in the triangular trade, carrying captives from West Africa to the West Indies. The French captured her in 1804 on her fifth voyage. Her captors renamed her Tigre, but the Royal Navy recaptured her late in 1804.

King George was a French ship that the British captured circa 1797. Her new owners renamed her and employed her as a Liverpool-based slave ship. She made three complete voyages in the triangular trade, transporting enslaved peoples from Africa to the West Indies. She was lost on her fourth voyage in February 1803 as she returned to Liverpool after having delivered captives to Havana.

Goodrich was a schooner launched in Liverpool in 1799. Between 1799 and 1807, she made seven voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people, two of them while being owned by Americans. After the Slave Trade Act 1807 ended the British slave trade she became a merchantman sailing from Guernsey. A French privateer captured her in July 1808.

Goodrich was a brig launched in Bermuda in 1793. She made three voyages between 1795 and 1799as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She then became a general merchantman and was wrecked in 1808.

Bolton was launched at Liverpool in 1792. She then made 10 voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. During her career she repelled one attack by a French privateer, was captured on a later voyage by another before being recaptured by the Royal Navy, and then was captured on her tenth voyage by yet another privateer after Bolton had gathered her captives but before she was able to deliver them to the West Indies. Bolton returned to British ownership, first sailing as West Indiaman, before embarking on an 11th enslaving voyage. She blew up on the African coast in 1806 after some of the captives aboard her succeeded in taking her over and setting fire to her.

Several ships have been named John:

Westmoreland was launched in Yarmouth in 1783. Between 1800 and 1804 she made two voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. A French privateer captured her during her second voyage but the Royal Navy recaptured her and she completed her voyage. The registers continued to carry her for a few years but with stale data.. She actually made a voyage in 1805 to Demerara. On her way a privateer captured her.

Nimble was built in Folkestone in 1781, possibly under another name. In 1786 Nimble was almost rebuilt and lengthened. Between 1786 and 1798 she made nine voyages as a whaler in the British Southern Whale Fishery. Between 1799 and 1804 she made four voyages from Liverpool as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. On her first voyage as to gather captives she detained a neutral vessel, an action that resulted in a court case. On her second voyage to gather captives, a French privateer captured her, but the Royal Navy recaptured her. She was wrecked in 1804 or so after she had delivered her captives to St Thomas.

Ellis was a French prize, captured in 1797, possibly built that year also. Liverpool merchants purchased her. She made five complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade carrying enslaved people from West Africa to the British West Indies. She was lost at sea on 23 April 1806 on her sixth voyage before she could take on any captives.

Beaver was launched in 1796 at Liverpool. She made seven complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved persons. She was captured and retaken once, in 1804, and captured a second time in 1807, during her eighth voyage.

Elizabeth was launched at Liverpool in 1798. She made five complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. Spanish privateers captured her in 1805 while she was on her sixth voyage after she had embarked enslave people and took her into Montevideo.

References