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Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source created by human activities. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed nine million people worldwide. This remained unchanged in 2019, with little real progress against pollution being identifiable. Air pollution accounted for ¾ of these earlier deaths.
Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing to bulletproof jackets, spacesuits, and doctor's gowns.
Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for textiles and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink, it is also used as a hydration indicator for silica gel. Methyl violet 10B is also known as crystal violet and has medical uses.
Coumarin or 2H-chromen-2-one is an aromatic organic chemical compound with formula C9H6O2. Its molecule can be described as a benzene molecule with two adjacent hydrogen atoms replaced by a lactone-like chain −(CH)=(CH)−(C=O)−O−, forming a second six-membered heterocycle that shares two carbons with the benzene ring. It can be placed in the benzopyrone chemical class and considered as a lactone.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter, toxic pollutants or nutrients such as ammonia. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants, and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.
Aluminium sulfate is a salt with the formula Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a coagulating agent (promoting particle collision by neutralizing charge) in the purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.
The City of Toronto Water Division is a municipal division of the City of Toronto under Infrastructure and Development Services that is responsible for the water supply network, and stormwater and wastewater management in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, as well as parts of Peel and York Regions.
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments.
Janthinobacterium lividum is an aerobic, Gram-negative, soil-dwelling bacterium that has a distinctive dark-violet color, due to a compound called violacein, which is produced when glycerol is metabolized as a carbon source. Violacein has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Its antifungal properties are of particular interest, since J. lividum is found on the skin of certain amphibians, including the red-backed salamander, where it prevents infection by the devastating chytrid fungus.
Daeguia is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria).
Comamonas granuli is a Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from microbial granules.
Hydrogenophaga atypica is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, which was isolated from wastewater from an activated sludge. Colonies of H. atypica are pale yellow.
Hydrogenophaga caeni is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, with a single polar flagellum, which was isolated from an activated sludge. Colonies of H. caeni are white colored.
Hydrogenophaga defluvii is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, which was isolated from wastewater. Colonies of H. defluvii are pale yellow in color.
Pigmentiphaga daeguensis is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium from the genus Pigmentiphaga, which was isolated from wastewater of a dye works in Daegu in South Korea
Chelatococcus daeguensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Chelatococcus which was isolated from wastewater of a textile dye works in Daegu in the Republic of Korea.
Daeguia caeni is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Daeguia, which was isolated from sludge of a textile dye works in Daegu in Korea.
Chryseobacterium daeguense is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from wastewater from a textile dye works in Daegu in Korea.
Alkalibacterium is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria).
A blend is a mixture of two or more fibers. In yarn spinning, different compositions, lengths, diameters, or colors may be combined to create a blend. Blended textiles are fabrics or yarns produced with a combination of two or more types of different fibers, or yarns to obtain desired traits and aesthetics. Blending is possible at various stages of textile manufacturing. The term, blend, refers to spun fibers or a fabric composed of such fibers. There are several synonymous terms: a combination yarn is made up of two strands of different fibers twisted together to form a ply; a mixture or mixed cloth refers to blended cloths in which different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides.
References
- ↑ "Genus: Hydrogenophaga" . Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ Yoon, J.-H.; Kang, S.-J.; Ryu, S. H.; Jeon, C. O.; Oh, T.-K. (Feb 2008). "Hydrogenophaga bisanensis sp. nov., isolated from wastewater of a textile dye works". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 58 (Pt 2): 393–7. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65271-0 . PMID 18218937.
- ↑ http://ijsb.sgmjournals.org/content/58/2/393.full [ dead link ]
