Igbo–Igala wars

The Igbo-Igala wars
Date 18th - 19th century Location Southeastern Nigeria Result Igbo Victory. Idah sacked. Aboh takes over Igala trading routes. Ezza conquers multiple Igala areas. Igbo Influence on Igala.
Belligerents
Nsukka Ebonyi Anioma Anambra	Igala Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Eze's Of Nsukka Obi's of Onitsha	Onọjọ Ogboni

The Igbo-Igala wars refer to a series of conflicts that took place between the Igbo people and the Igala people of Nigeria during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wars were characterized by intense military engagements, territorial disputes, and clashes over resources and political dominance. The conflicts occurred in the southeastern region of Nigeria, primarily in the areas now known as Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Kogi and Delta states. These wars led to the drastic Battle of Nsukka.

Background

In the 16th century a large Igala migration occurred across the Niger river following a defeat to the Kingdom of Benin. ^[1] Shortly after, a Jukun migration from Wukari conquered and established a royal dynasty in Idah, bringing them into contact with Igbo speaking groups. ^[2]

Nsukka

The Nsukka-Igala wars occurred in the 18th to 19th century following an Igala invasion that left a significant portion of Nsukka under Igala occupation. Nsukka is one of the most notable Igbo subgroups to be involved in these wars as the Igala people invaded and briefly occupied the district. The Nsukka people have continuously inhabited northern Igboland since the 3rd millennium BCE as shown through archeological continuity and glottochrony. They are considered to be one of the first Igbo subgroups by historian and archeologist Edwin Eme Okafor. During the period of the Igbo-Igala Wars, marked by a scarcity of labor and insecurity resulting from slave raiding and the Nsukka-Igala conflicts, notable changes occurred in the iron smelting practices of the Nsukka people. Due to urgency, some iron smelters resorted to using wood directly in their smelting process, bypassing the usual practice of burning it to produce charcoal. This adaptation in smelting techniques demonstrates the impact of the war on the traditional methods employed by the Nsukka community, as they incorporated wood into their process to sustain their iron production amidst the challenging conditions. ^[3] The conflicts started with the arrival of a figure named Onọjọ Ogboni whose background is surrounded in mystery. One of the 18th century conflicts was the Battle of Nsukka in 1794, which resulted in a Nsukka military victory, invasion of Idah and brief occupation of Idah by a combined Nsukka and Nike forces.

Ebonyi

Lead up

During the early 19th century, the Eastern Igbo subgroups located in Ebonyi State underwent a significant migration towards the Cross River areas, this in turn manifested in boundary disputes between several Eastern Igbo groups with her neighbours such as Ikwo-Nsobo and Osopo of Cross River State, Izzi – Osopo and Yala of Cross River State and Mgbo-Igala of Benue State. A similar migration skirmish towards Abia State in the 17th century established the Aro Confederacy. As the Ezza, Izzi, Ikwo subgroups moved northward, all who are said to descend from siblings whose patriarch hailed from Afikpo, the Ezza ecountered the indigenous Orri people and protected them from extinction in exchange for farming rights. The Ikwo people encountered the Okum and annihilated then assimilated the rest of them, the Okum do not exist as an identifiable group anymore but there is archeological and cultural proof of their existence, as there are non-Igbo dances and masquerades in modern Ikwo culture. The southern Ikwo displaced the indigenous Adadama group far to modern Cross River State.

Conflict with Igala

As the Igala already lived in the area with the Orri they sought friendship with the Ezza and gave them land for farming. However, betrayed by the Ezza whose true intent was expansion and to address their ongoing land scarcity. It led to a conflict between the two groups, resulting in the Igala's defeat and expulsion from their occupied territory which the Ezza then took control of. The Agba community, located in Ebo Ndiagu, Ochuhu Agba, and Orie Agba Elu, faced defeat as the Ezza's territory expanded. Some rallied, but despite putting up a spirited but brief defense, the Agba were compelled to retreat southwards, leaving their abandoned lands to be later settled by Umunwagu and Ikwuate (Idembia). Seeking safety and security, the Agba people sought refuge in Ishielu Division, departing from their original mainland settlements. The Ezza met them again in 1850 and again conquered and displaced the remnants, naming the new territory Ezzagu.

Western Igbo

The Western Igbo people consist of the Anioma people of Delta State and the riverine side of Anambra state. While specific conflicts with the Enuani and Igala people remain poorly documented, that of Aboh and Igala is well known.

Aboh and Igala war is the most significant conflict between the Western Igbo and Igala. The battle ended with Aboh victory, summarily announcing Aboh as a major power in the Deltas and Confluence. Aboh took over Igala trading routes and communities under Igala control.

Though the victory came with significant losses including the Obi's eldest son, and three of his wives. The battle was witnessed by Sailor, Joseph B. Hawkins. ^[4]

References

1. R. Sydney Seton (October 1, 1929). "Notes on the Igala Tribe, Northern Nigeria". American Affairs. XXIX (CXIII): 42–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100184.
2. Austin J. Shelton (1968). "Onọjọ Ogboni: Problems of Identification and Historicity in the Oral Traditions of the Igala and Northern Nsukka Igbo of Nigeria". Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 81 (321): 243–257. doi:10.2307/537544. JSTOR   537544.
3. Hamady Bocoum, ed. (2004). The Origins of iron metallurgy in Africa: new light on its antiquity; West and Central Africa. UNESCO. p. 47. ISBN   978-92-3-103807-5.
4. Joseph Hawkins (1797). A History of a Voyage to the Coast of Africa, and Travels Into the Interior of that Country.