Igala people

Last updated

Igala People
Igáláà
Igala.jpeg
Territory of the Igala Kingdom
Total population
1,620,000 (2020 estimate) [1]
Regions with significant populations
North Central Nigeria (Middle Belt), Parts of Southern Nigeria
Languages
Igala
Religion
Predominantly Star and Crescent.svg Islam (Sunni)
Minority Christian cross.svg Christian [2] [3]
Related ethnic groups
Nupe, Yoruba, Idoma, Edo, Igbo, Anioma, Jukun, Gbagyi
PeopleÀbó Igáláà
Country Anẹ Igáláà

The Igala people are a Egypt-Migrants ethnolinguistic group native to the region immediately south of the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers in central Nigeria. The area inhabited primarily by the Igala is referred to as Igalaland. Situated in an especially ecologically diverse region of Nigeria, the Igala have traditionally engaged in crop cultivation, [4] and have been influenced culturally by many surrounding cultures over the centuries. Today, people of Igala descent are estimated to be at a population of 1.68 million people.

Contents

The Igala kingdom is ruled ceremonially and culturally by the Attah [5] and has a long history of political warfare and campaigns with neighbouring groups along the Benue. [6] Igala people traditionally worship the supreme being Ojo , as well as their divine ancestral spirits. [7] Masquerades are an important aspect of Igala art and a prime example of the kingdom's cultural exchange with its neighbouring groups. [8] Igala art, dating centuries back, also feature in Nigerian body decoration [9] and cultural architecture. [10]

Today, the Igala predominantly inhabit southern and eastern Kogi State where they are the majority ethnicity and a major regional bloc in Kogi state politics. In times past, the Igala have held key state government positions.

While the present kingdom has diminished in size, Igala people and their culture have been an integral part of the formation of the communities along the Niger River, with many communities claiming an ethnogenesis from Idah, the ancestral home of the Igala. Minorities of the group exist in and are native to Edo, Delta, Anambra and Enugu states.

Location

The Igala Kingdom expanded vastly beyond the present-day boundary. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is a triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. [11] : 1 The area was formerly known as the Igala Division of Kabba province and is now part of Kogi State. Its capital was Idah, in Kogi state. The bulk of the Igala people reside in Kogi[ citation needed ] where they can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, Omala, Edo, Lokoja, Ibaji, and Ajaokuta Local Government. Smaller communities and enclaves exist in the surrounding regions and states along the Niger basin.

Geography

The geographical location played an important role in the development of the Igala Kingdom. Igala is situated between the apex of the Niger River and Benue River, with the capital, Idah, on the Niger River. Being located by the two main bodies of water in Nigeria brought an abundance of cultural influence from various communities such as Igbo, Yoruba, Edo, and Jukun. The Igala economy grew from trading, but traditionally, the Igala people valued farming and hunting for their goods. Igala is located across the undulating, forested coastal region, and the dry savannah; the Guinea forest-savannah mosaic . This diverse ecological setting accommodates rainfed crops (Yam, Cocoyam, Maize, Pumpkin, Cassava), as well as dry soil crops (Millet, Guinea corn, Beniseed, and Beans). Igala farmers, must be strategic with crop locations and the location of cultivar in various ecological locations. [4] : 1–3  The Igala landscape is also conducive to hunting. These animals include the Buffalo, Antelope, and Wild pig. [7] : 116 

Government

Participant in an Igala cultural festival Igala cultural festival 07.jpg
Participant in an Igala cultural festival

Igala Kingdom

The Igala kingdom is ruled by an "Attah", of all of whom Atta Ayegba Oma Idoko and Atta Ameh Oboni are the two most revered. [5] In Igala lore, Oma Idoko is said to have offered his beloved daughter by burying her alive to ensure that Igala won a war of liberation from Jukun dominance. Atta Ameh Oboni is known to have been very brave and resolute because of his stiff resistance against the British and struggle to uphold the ancient traditions of Igala land. He died by suicide in order to forestall the plans of the British, who wanted him deposed and exiled. [11]

Idakwo Micheal Ameh II became the twenty-seventh Attah following the death of his predecessor Attah Alhaji Aliyu Obaje in 2012. [12] [13]

By Igala native law and custom, an Attah newly nominated by the four ruling royal houses (Aj'Ameacho, Aj'Aku, Aj'Akogu and Aj'Ocholi) is verified by the Igalamela Kingmakers, traditional chiefs of the Igala kingdom. [14] The Igalamela kingmakers are made up of nine chiefs (Etemahi Igalamela, Agbenyo, Onubiogbo, Onede, Aleji, Okweje, Achadu Kekele Ukwaja, Ananya Ata, Achanya Ata) with Etemahi Igalamela as the head of the Kingmakers. [15] [16] The Kingmakers forward the nominated name to the prime minister of the Igala kingdom, known as the Achadu oko-ata, for onward approval by the Kogi State Government.

Igalaland

The word anẹ̀ Igala means Igalaland is regarded to be the territory where the people are speaking the Igala language. [17] [18] The early settlement in the Igala kingdom were founded by the ancestors of the people now known as the Igala-Mela with traditions that means "the nine Igala". The efunyi or ofigbeli was a large unit of settlement consisting of two or more clans under their am'onofe -unyi, the family heads. [19] In these primary settlements, membership was strictly based on agnatic kinship ties such as Am'om'onobule, the am'ana, the in-laws, the am'adu, the domestic slaves were absorbed into the settlement on the understanding that they accepted their social and political limitations in certain issues. [20]

Igala Political Crisis

The Igala Central Government became weak leading up to the mid-nineteenth century, and up to the point of being taken over by the British. The Igalaland saw a rise in rebellion from Idah; this meant a rise in independent colonies by subjects of the Attah. Prior to the rebellions, around 1826, political turmoil in Idah led to the exile of their leader at the time. This was followed by discourse in the election for the new Attah. Differing clans in the area were in dispute over who should take the throne because each clan supported a different lineage of kingship. The dispute over who would take on the role of the Attah lead to economic and political rivalry among the various clans. [6] : 47–49 

Beliefs

Origin

It is an Igala legend that the Igalaland was discovered and founded by a hunter who found the area to be ideal for hunting. The legend says that the hunter's camp became the original grounds for the Igala settlement and his family carried on the lineage of the area. While this legend is not considered a concrete historical account, the story represents important aspects of Igala culture, especially in the importance of hunting. In fact, several of the villages take on names that represent the type of game that would be found there. This naming convention includes a village called Oju-Ocha, meaning, 'the place where guinea-fowl come to wash'. Hunting is so important to the Igala people that there are several hunting ceremonies that take place throughout the year. For example, the earth festival begins the start of the farming year. This ritual features a communal hunt where animal remains are offered to the earth shrine, grass being burnt, and the first yam being planted. In another ritual, the king camps in the bush the night before the festival. The king then spears an animal to offer to the national earth shrine. [7] : 116 

Religion

The Igala people believe in a supreme creator referred to as Ojo Ojo. While Ojo Ojo is the highest ruler, he is considered to be so divine that he does not work among the human realm. Instead, Ojo Ojo bestows powers upon other gods to interact with everyday human life. Igala divine beings are organised into a three part hierarchy; gods, ancestors, and diviners. Igala ancestors are called Ibegwu.Ibegwu have a direct connection with Ojo, serving as his representatives and messengers. Ibegwu have the power to protect the well being of humans in their fertility, agriculture, and society. If the ancestors are not properly honored, they also have the ability to punish humans. Every year, before the yam harvest, ancestors are honored at the Ibegwu festival. This is to praise them for their protection in the past year, in hopes for more blessings in the year to follow. [11] : 116–119 

Cosmology

The Igala people believe that there are three different realms the human spirit will occupy in their existence; life after birth, adult life, and life after death. The ancestral spirits are very important to the people of the mortal world. It is the goal of the Igala people to maintain a balanced relationship with their ancestors by honouring them through rituals and offerings. If properly honoured, the ancestors will offer blessings and protection to the living. Ancestral spirits interact with the living in various ways. The spirits can be reincarnated as babies, or be called upon through masquerades.

In Igala cosmology, a human is not left to decide their destiny. It is believed that before a person is born, their destiny is decided by a choice they make before the creator, Ojo in the spirit world. When a person dies, it is very important that their body is treated with the proper ritual practices to ensure that they will make it to the spirit world; this is accomplished through a burial ceremony that has three stages. The first stage of the burial ceremony is called Egwu omi omi eji -When the body is placed into the grave. The second stage is the ceremony that takes place after the deceased is buried, called ubi eche. The third stage is Akwu eche, meaning the last shedding of tears. The third stage is where the Oloja masquerade is performed to say goodbye to the deceased. [21] : 144–147 

Art

Masquerades

Igala helmet mask, Nigeria 9541a Igala Helmet Mask, Nigeria (5113754510).jpg
Igala helmet mask, Nigeria

Masks are an important aspect of Igala art. Masquerades are rituals that aim to create a balanced relationship between the world of the living, and the ancestors of the spiritual realm. Igala masks feature symbolic markings that are meaningful in identifying political status and the culture's fashion. Because these markings are not strict for each culture, and fashion changes over time, it is difficult for historians to rely on them to identify their place of origin. Igala masks have influences from several bordering regions including Igbo, Edo, and Idoma.

While these masks very across regions, they share some similarities, such as the first Atta appearing as a leopard. Igala masquerade culture would not have been able to flourish without the economic support from trade controlled by the Igbo in the lower Niger River. Igala brass masks, worn by the Atta, show evidence of Benin influence on Igala masks. It is presumed that this influence came from Igala being under suzerainty of Benin during the reign of Esigie.

Researchers have found that some Igala masks were actually from the Jukun region. This could mean that the masks were taken, or left behind by Jukun warriors on the Igala-Jukun battlefield. [8] : 62–68 

Oloja masquerade

One masquerade in particular is the Oloja masquerade. Oloja is a five day burial ceremony specifically for older, deceased men. Led by elders, this ceremony takes place once a year and can honor one, or several deceased members of the community in the third and final part of the burial ceremony, Akwu eche. The body of the deceased is adorned with what is known as achi. Achi is woven materials including strips of raffia palm leaves (Iko), and strips of cloth. The Oloja dancer wears a wooden headdress made to look somewhat like a crocodile with fierce teeth and a protruding jaw. Music is an important part of the Oloja ceremony. The instrumentalists are elders. They use instruments such as wooden gongs, metal gongs, rattles, flute, and seven drums of various sizes. The start of the ceremony is signaled by the lead instrumentalist blasting seven notes on the flute, each note louder than the one before it, eventually being joined by the other musicians. At this point, the elders take turns performing a dance until another seven notes are signalled by the flute, summoning the Oloja dancer. The dancer performs movements that mimic different aspects of the deceased's occupation, personality, or habits. The dancer will then go to the house of deceased and throw part of the thatched roof into the bush or river. Next, the masquerader collects the tools of the deceased and destroys them in the performance arena. In the final part of the dance, the dancer collects the Okega, or personal god of the deceased, takes snuff into his nostril three times, hits the back of his head three time, and performs the three final dance moves. By the end of the ceremony, community members are left to cry while the dancer is taken back to his abode. [21] : 147–154 

Body decoration

Body decoration is the act of altering one's skin or body through piercing, scarification, tattooing, skin dyes, or painting for the purpose of aesthetic or social identification. In Igala culture, the practice of decorating the body is known as Ina Ole. [9] : 48 

Igala women wearing Achi Igala (Igala cultural attire), and facial paint Achi Igala (Igala cultural attire) 08.jpg
Igala women wearing Achi Igala (Igala cultural attire), and facial paint

One form of permanent skin alterations is scarification. This is done by cutting the surface of the skin to leave raised marking. In Igala culture, most parts of the kingdom, like Ankpa, recurved three deep horizontal cuts on each side of their face beside the mouth as a way of identifying each other. This practice, which was prevalent during inter - tribal wars in the 17th century and 18th century has now become very uncommon among the Igala people. [5] The practice of scaring the skin can also be seen as medicinal and spiritually healing. [9] : 49 

There are also several non permanent forms of Ina Ole, such as creating designs with paint or dyes. These designs take on different meanings depending on the person, occasion, or placement on the body. For example, some tribal markings are identified by their placement on the face, or the chest of men. Women often decorate their wrists and arms as a statement of beauty. Some designs are designated for specific ceremonies or public events while others are spontaneous. These impromptu designs often speak to socio-cultural messages or are the result of young members scribbling their names in patterns on the body. There are also many different symbols used in the decorations including combs, rings, or the alphabet. [9] : 50–51 

Film

The Nigerian film industry has grown tremendously in the last three decades. This progress in acceptance and recognition for Nigerian film is do to the successful 1992 production, Living in Bondage. The objective for many Nigerian and Igala filmmakers is to bring African film into the same light as industries in Western countries. The Nigerian and Igala film industries are often referred to as Nollywood, or Igawood. These titles are sometimes viewed as controversial as they imply a sense of otherness, further alienating Nigeran film industries. On the other hand, many Igala filmmakers accept the title as the essence of movie making in their country, and being included in part of the global filmmaking experience.

Many Igala filmmakers strive to preserve traditional Igala culture in their films. For example, many characters will be named in Igala language after what their character represents. This teaches viewers the Igala language by forming associations with character names and their characteristics. The purpose of this is to preserve the Igala language so it does not go extinct due to the globalization of Igala culture.

The Igala film industry has faced many challenges that have caused it to be less successful than other Nigerian and Western film industries. On challenge, is that Igala film has had a lack of presence on satellite television networks. Having a strong tv presence is important for gaining exposure and global interest. Another issue faced in Igala film is the lack of profit. Many of these films are low budget, and therefore not sought after as much as films that bring in a higher revenue. This makes it difficult for Igala film makers working toward cultural preservation, as well as global exposure. Finance has also proven to be an issue in this industry because there is little access to technical training for workers in this industry. [10] : 261–267 

Notable Igala people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kogi State</span> State of Nigeria

Kogi State is a state in the North Central region of Nigeria, bordered to the west by the states of Ekiti and Kwara, to the north by the Federal Capital Territory, to the northeast by Nasarawa State, to the northwest by Niger State, to the southwest by the Edo and Ondo states, to the southeast by the states of Anambra and Enugu, and to the east by Benue State. It is the only state in Nigeria to border ten other states. Named after the Hausa word for river (Kogi). Kogi State was formed from parts of Benue State, Niger State, and Kwara State on 27 August 1991. The state is nicknamed the "Confluence State" due to the fact that the confluence of the River Niger and the River Benue occurs next to its capital, Lokoja.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benue State</span> State of Nigeria

Benue State is one of the North Central states in Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in the 2006 census. The state was created in 1976 and was among the seven states created at that time. The state derives its name from the Benue River initially called Ber-nor, a compound word in Tiv language which means river or lake of hippopotamus the name Ber-nor was corrupted to BENUE by colonial masters, the river is the second largest river in Nigeria after the River Niger. The state borders Nasarawa State to the North; Taraba State to the East; Kogi State to the West; Enugu State to the South-West; Ebonyi and Cross-Rivers State to the South; and has an international border with Cameroon to the South-East. It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv, Idoma and Igede people. Minority ethnic groups in Benue are Etulo, Igbo, hausa and Jukun people etc. Its capital is Makurdi. Benue is a rich agricultural region; common crops cultivated in the state include oranges, yams, mangoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, sesame, rice, groundnuts and palm trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lokoja</span> Capital city of Kogi State, Nigeria

Lokoja is a north-central city in Nigeria. It lies at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers and is the capital city of Kogi State. While the Bassa Nge, Yoruba (Oworo) and Nupe are indigenous to the area, other ethnic groups, including the Kupa-Nupe, Hausa, Ebira, Igala, Igbo, Bini/Edo, and Tiv have recently established themselves. Lokoja is projected to be the third fastest growing city on the African continent between 2020 and 2025, with a 5.93% growth rate. It was listed as a second class township by the 1917 township ordinance of the colonial administration, indicating that Lokoja is an old city.

Idah is a town in Kogi State, Nigeria, on the eastern bank of the Niger River in the middle belt region of Nigeria. It is the headquarter of the Igala Kingdom, and also a Local Government Area with an area of 36 km2. Idah had a population of 79,815 at the 2006 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Idoma people</span> Ethnic group in Nigeria

The Idomas are people that primarily inhabit the lower western areas of Benue State, Nigeria, and some of them can be found in Taraba State, Cross Rivers State, Enugu State, Kogi State and Nasarawa State in Nigeria. The Idoma language is classified in the Akweya subgroup of the Idomoid languages of the Volta–Niger family, which include Igede, Alago, Agatu, Etulo, Ete, Akweya (Akpa) and Yala languages of Benue, Nasarawa, Kogi, Enugu, and Northern Cross River states. The Akweya subgroup is closely related to the Yatye-Akpa subgroup. The bulk of the territory is inland, south of river Benue, some seventy-two kilometres east of its confluence with River Niger. The Idoma tribe are known to be 'warriors' and 'hunters' of class, but hospitable and peaceloving. The greater part of Idoma land remained largely unknown to the West until the 1920s, leaving much of the colourful traditional culture of the Idoma intact. The population of the Idomas is estimated to be about 3.5 million. The Idoma people have a traditional ruler called the Och'Idoma who is the head of the Idoma Area Traditional Council. This was introduced by the British. Each community has its own traditional chief such as the former Ad'Ogbadibo of Orokam, Late Chief D.E Enenche. The Palace of the Och'Idoma is located at Otukpo, Benue State. The present Och'Idoma, HRM, Elaigwu Odogbo John, the 5th Och'Idoma of the Idoma People was installed on the 30th of June, 2022 following the passing of his Predecessor HRH Agabaidu Elias Ikoyi Obekpa who ruled from 1996 to October 2021. Past Och'Idomas also include: HRH, Agabaidu Edwin Ogbu, who reigned from 1996 to 1997, HRH, Abraham Ajene Okpabi of Igede descent who ruled from 1960 to 1995 and HRH, Agabaidu Ogiri Oko whose reign took place between 1948 and 1959.

Igala is a Yoruboid language, spoken by the Igala ethnic group of Nigeria. In 1989 an estimated 800,000 spoke Igala, primarily in Kogi State, though current estimates place the number of Igala speakers at upwards of 1.6 million. Dialects include Ibaji, Idah, Dekina, Ogugu, Ankpa, Ebu, and the Olumbanasaa group ; it is believed that these languages share some similarities with the Yoruba and Itsekiri languages.

The Ebira people are an ethnic-linguistic group of North central Nigeria. Most Ebira people are from Kogi State and Nasarawa State. Their language is usually classified as Nupoid and within the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Until the separation of Kogi State from Kwara State, Okene was seen as the administrative center of the Ebira-speaking people in Kogi state, located not far from the Niger-Benue confluence. Since the formation of the state, the Ebira Ta'o people are predominantly found in five local governments in Kogi state, namely Adavi, Ajaokuta, Okehi, Okene and Ogori/Magongo. They are also found in large numbers located in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja and Nasarawa in Toto LGA. Also, the Eganyi are found in Ajaokuta LGA. And the Etuno can be found in Igarra town of Agorimagongo, Okehi and Okene each with their administrative headquarters. Ebira Koto is found in Kogi and Koton Karfe LGA, Bassa LGA, Lokoja in Kogi and Abaji LGA in the Federal Capital Territory, Akoko-Edo LGA, Edo State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aliyu Obaje</span> Traditional ruler in Kogi state, Nigeria

Àlíì Ọ̀chẹ́ja Ọ̀bàje GCFR was the 26th Àtá Igala of the Igala Kingdom in Nigeria. Obaje reigned for 56 years making him one of the longest serving monarch in Nigeria's history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Catholic Diocese of Idah</span> Roman Catholic diocese in Nigeria

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Idah is a Latin suffragan diocese located in the city of Idah, Kogi State in the ecclesiastical province of Abuja, in Nigeria, yet remains subject to the Roman missionary Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igala Kingdom</span> Pre-colonial West African state

Anẹ Igáláà, also known as the Igala Kingdom, was a pre-colonial West African state, located at the eastern region of the confluence of River Niger and River Benue in the Middle Belt or North-central of Nigeria. The kingdom was founded by the Igala people, with the "Àtá" serving as the Igala Emperor, national father and spiritual head, and the capital of Igala land is at Idah. The Igala Kingdom influenced and has been influenced by the Idoma, and Jukun, and is likely made up of descendants of these groups who settled and mixed with the native Igala populations.

Ankpa is a Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ankpa on the A233 highway in the west of the area at 7°22′14″N7°37′31″E.

Okenyi is a town located in the east of Ankpa Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. It is home to the Igalas who migrated from Idah to settle in the area.

Doma is a Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Doma. Doma LGA houses Special Forces Command, Federal Science and Technical College, Olam Rice Farm and Doma Dam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja</span> Nigerian lawyer and politician

Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja is a Nigerian Senator who represented Kogi East senatorial district in the National Assembly, and a member of the All Progressives Congress.

Opanda Kingdom was an ancient African kingdom located in what is now Nigeria.

The Bassa Nge are an ethnic group in Nigeria that traces its history back to 1805. They originally inhabited Gbara which was formerly the capital of the Nupe Kingdom. The Bassa Nge migrated from their homeland in Bida due to a dynastic feud in about 1820. They are formerly the largest of Nupe groups, with a population of about 15,000 in 1820 before they dispersed throughout Nigeria.

Idakwo Michael Ameh Oboni II was the 27th Àtá Ígálá of the Igala Kingdom in the Middle Belt of Nigeria.

Matthew Alaji Opaluwa Oguche Akpa II is the 28th Àtá Ígálá of the Igala Kingdom in the Middle Belt of Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igbo–Igala wars</span>

The Igbo–Igala wars refer to a series of conflicts that took place between the Igbo people and the Igala people of Nigeria during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wars were characterized by intense military engagements, territorial disputes, and clashes over resources and political dominance. The conflicts occurred in the southeastern region of Nigeria, primarily in the areas now known as Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Delta and Kogi states. These wars led to the drastic Battle of Nsukka.

The Inachalo River is a river located in the town of Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria. It has historical and cultural significance in the region.

References

  1. ↑ "Igala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  2. ↑ "Igala | people".
  3. ↑ "UNHCR Web Archive".
  4. 1 2 Boston, J.S. (1968). The Igala kingdom. Ibadan, Published for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research by Oxford University Press.
  5. 1 2 3 Abdullahi, Attah (2001). "Igala History and Culture". Igala Language Studies: 241.
  6. 1 2 Kolapo, F. J. (1999). ""Post-Abolition Niger River Commerce and the Nineteenth-Century Igala Political Crisis."". African Economic History. 27 (27): 47–51. doi:10.2307/3601657. JSTOR   3601657.
  7. 1 2 3 Boston, J.S. (1964). "The Hunter in Igala Legends of Origin". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 34 (2): 116–117. doi:10.2307/1157902. JSTOR   1157902. S2CID   146339724.
  8. 1 2 Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield (2019). "Igala's Royal Masks: Borrowed, Invented, or Stolen?". African Arts. 52 (1): 62–67. doi:10.1162/afar_a_00444. ISSN   0001-9933. S2CID   59413425.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Umoru, Ibrahim (2019). "Sustainable Development of Igala Culture: The Aesthetics of Ina Ole (Body Decoration) Amongst the Igala People as a Form of Art". Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA). 4 (3) – via RCMSS.
  10. 1 2 Egwemi, O.P. (Ph.D.); Ogohi Salifu, Peter (2022). "Challenges and Prospects of the Igala Movie Industry (Igawood) in the Quest for Global Relevance". Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. 1 (5) – via Sprin.
  11. 1 2 3 Negedu, IA (2014). "The Igala traditional religious belief system: Between monotheism and polytheism". Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies. 10 (1): 116. doi: 10.4314/og.v10i1.7 . ISSN   1597-474X.
  12. ↑ Igala Kingdom Gets New Attah. Information Nigeria.
  13. ↑ Boston, J. (1967). "Igala Political Organisation" African Notes 4.2
  14. ↑ admin (23 May 2021). "The Making of Next Attah Igala: The Twist and Need for Legal Guidance". :: Kogi Reports. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  15. ↑ Ottah, Gabriel Alhassan (27 October 2015). "African Culture and Communication Systems in the Coronation of Ata Igala, North- Central Nigeria". AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities. 4 (3): 208–228. doi: 10.4314/ijah.v4i3.18 . ISSN   2227-5452.
  16. ↑ "Ojuju Amomane Igala Kkingdom Throws its Weight behind Igala Mela King Makers, Achadu Igala in Selection of new Attah of Igala". The Nigerian Post. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  17. ↑ J.H, Greenberg (1996). Languages of Africa. p. 22.
  18. ↑ R.G, Armstrong (1970). The Igala: the people of the Niger -Benue confluence. p. 77.
  19. ↑ Joseph, N. Ukwedeh (2003). History of the Igala Kingdom C1534 - 1854: A study of political and cultural integration in the Niger -Benue Conference area of Nigeria. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna. pp. 25–35.
  20. ↑ Haruna, Onucheyo (13 April 1980). "Interview with Ejuchegahi Ike on Igala Kongdom".
  21. 1 2 Egwuda-Ugbeda, F.U. (2011). "Oloja masquerade performance of Igala as theatre of transition". Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies. 6 (1) – via AJOL.
  22. ↑ "'My father's death altered Kogi politics' | The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News — Politics — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News". guardian.ng. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  23. ↑ "Attah Igala, Aliyu Obaje dies at 102 | Premium Times Nigeria". 17 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2021.


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.