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The Qianlong Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Aisin-Gioro Hongli, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. In 1796, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor, out of filial piety towards his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled for 61 years, so that he not officially usurp him as the longest-reigning emperor. Despite his retirement, however, the Qianlong Emperor retained ultimate power as the Emperor Emeritus until his death in 1799, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, and dying at the age of 87, one of the longest-lived. He was respected as the "Emperor Manjushri" (文殊皇帝) by Tibetans.
Empress Xiaoxianchun, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Fuca clan, was the first wife of the Qianlong Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing from 1738 until her death in 1748. Described as a virtuous person and favoured by the Emperor, she did not like spending money for her own good and took her duties seriously when it came to Confucian rituals.
Empress Xiaoshengxian, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the consort of Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor and mother of Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor. She was honoured as Empress Dowager Chongqing during the reign of her son and posthumously honoured as empress, although she never held the rank of empress consort during her lifetime.
Empress Xiaoyichun, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Weigiya clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 16 years his junior. Her eldest surviving son became the Jiaqing Emperor.
Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui, of the Han Chinese Plain White Banner Su clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was two years his junior.
Imperial Noble Consort Huixian, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Gaogiya clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor.
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, of the Han Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner Lu clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 13 years his junior. She came from the Lu clan. Although her family was not a very prominent one, Lady Lu rose to Noble Consort in her lifetime. Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong had no children of her own, but raised Prince Yongyan, the future Jiaqing Emperor.
Noble Consort Ying, of the Mongol Bordered Red Banner Barin clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 20 years his junior.
Noble Consort Xin, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Daigiya clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 26 years his junior.
Consort Dun, of the Manchu Plain White Banner Wang clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 35 years his junior.
Consort Shu, of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Yehe Nara clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 17 years his junior.
Noble Consort Xun, of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner Irgen Gioro clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 47 years his junior.
Noble Consort Wan, of the Han Chinese Chen clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was five years his junior.
Step Empress of the Nara clan was the wife and second empress consort of Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor. She was Empress consort of Qing from 1750 until her death in 1766.
Noble Consort Yu, of the Mongol Bordered Blue Banner Keliyete clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was three years his junior.
Imperial Noble Consort Shujia, of the Korean Gingiya clan which was placed into the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner after her death, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was two years his junior. Imperial Noble Consort Shujia was also the Qing Dynasty's only imperial concubine of ethnic Korean heritage.
Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Quehui, of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a consort of the Kangxi Emperor. She was 14 years his junior.
Consort Rong, from the Uyghur minority, was a consort of Qianlong Emperor.
Imperial Noble Consort Chunque, from the Han Chinese Geng clan, was a consort of Yongzheng Emperor.
Consort Fang, of the Han Chinese Chen clan, was a consort of Qianlong Emperor. She and her brothers were then inducted into the a bondservant company of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han Chinese Eight Banners since it was required for all consorts of Qing emperors to belong to one of the Eight Banners.
References
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).