Institute of Molecular Biotechnology

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Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA)
Founded1999
HeadquartersDr. Bohr-Gasse 3
1030 Vienna
Austria
Parent Austrian Academy of Sciences   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Website www.imba.oeaw.ac.at

The Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) is an independent biomedical research organisation founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim. The institute employs around 250 people from over 40 countries, who perform basic research. IMBA is located at the Vienna BioCenter (VBC) and shares facilities and scientific training programs with the Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), the basic research center of Boehringer Ingelheim. [1]

Contents

Research

The research at IMBA aims to understand the fundamental molecular biological processes underlying the 3D architecture of genomes, the functions of small RNAs, and the in vitro reconstitution from stem cells of whole organs and embryos. [2]

The institute comprises 15 research groups (as of December 2022): [3]

Associated projects: The Vienna Drosophila RNAi Center (VDRC) is located at IMBA, and is available to researchers worldwide. [9] It collects an RNAi library of over 22,000 Drosophila strains.

Major scientific discoveries

2022. Disentanglement of the roles of condensin and histone deacetylation in chromosome assembly and chromatin compaction [10]

2022. Identification of CLIP cells (human interneuron progenitors) as the origin of Tuberous Sclerosis using patient-derived cerebral organoids [11]

2021. Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation [12]

2021. Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis [13]

2020. Identification of a brain-size determinant using cerebral organoids [14]

2020. Discovery on the conformation of sister chromatids in the replicated human genome [15]

2019. Generation of blood vessel organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. [16]

2017. Development of SLAM-Seq for the high-resolution assessment of RNA expression dynamics [17]

2017. Development of a reversible haploid mouse pluripotent stem cell biobank resource for functional genomics. [18]

2013. Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells to model human brain development [19]

2008. Discovery of an endogenous small interfering RNA pathway in Drosophila. [20]

2005. Discovery of the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury. [21]

History

The institute was founded in 1999 as a joint initiative of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and Boehringer Ingelheim and with contributions from the Austrian Government and the city of Vienna. [22] The construction of the building was initiated in 2003 and completed in 2006. It is linked to the building of the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology by a bridge so as to enhance collaborations. Both institutes share a common canteen and their scientific core facilities. In 2002, the geneticist Josef Penninger started as the Scientific Director of the IMBA and recruited Barry Dickson as the first group leader (now at Janelia Research Campus, USA). In 2007 the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Center (VDRC) opened, in collaboration with the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology. In 2018, Josef Penninger was appointed as director of the Life Science Institute of the University of British Columbia [23] and Jürgen Knoblich took the position as interim director of the IMBA. In 2020, the institute expanded in an additional building of the Vienna Biocenter (termed VBC6).

Scientific Advisory Board

In order to maintain the highest standard of research, the IMBA has installed a process of review and feedback led by an external Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of internationally recognised scientists. The Board meets yearly and, together with group leaders, discusses the quality, significance, and focus of research conducted. As of December 2022, [24] the IMBA SAB is chaired by Elaine Fuchs (The Rockefeller University) and includes Gregory Hannon (University of Cambridge, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Guido Kroemer (University of Paris Descartes), Maria Leptin (President of the European Research Council ERC and Director of EMBO), Gary Ruvkun (Harvard University), and Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel. [25]

Core scientific facilities

Core scientific facilities within the IMBA provide services to facilitate research making use of stem cells, flies/worms, informatics, optics, molecular biology, comparative medicine, transgenics, protein chemistry, or graphic designs. These core facilities are managed by technical leaders who evaluate and implement a wide range of novel technologies and instrumentations. These professional staff scientists also train users, help with experimental design, and disseminate expert knowledge. The IMBA scientists are not billed for core services, except for certain experiment-related consumables.

Beyond the core scientific facilities of the institute, the IMBA laboratories are also financially supported to use of the core facilities of the Vienna Biocenter.

Seminar and conferences

The IMBA acts as a forum for academic exchange through its participation to a series of weekly internal Vienna Biocenter seminars, and weekly guest lectures (termed "VBC lectures" and "Impromptus") from external, recognised or upcoming scientists.

IMBA and the IMP co-organize the yearly SY-Stem symposium focusing on the next generation of stem cell researchers.

PhD program

The Vienna Biocenter PhD Programme is an international PhD training program carried out jointly by the four Vienna Biocenter research institutes (IMP, IMBA, GMI and Max Perutz Labs). Acceptance into the program is competitive and based on a formal selection procedure. There are two selections each year, deadlines are usually on April 30 and November 15. Participation in the program is a condition for doing a PhD at the IMBA.

Awards

The IMBA has received recognition in the form of 18 ERC grants and through awards to its researchers.

Jürgen Knoblich, current scientific director, has received the Young Investigator Award of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the Wittgenstein Award awarded by the Austrian Ministry of Science, [26] the Erwin Schrödinger Prize by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the Sir Hans Krebs Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). He is an elected member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of the Academia Europaea, of the Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO), and is on the board of directors of the International Society for Stem Cell Research. In 2015, he was awarded both an Advanced and a Proof-of-concept European Research Council (ERC) grant.

Josef Penninger, former scientific director, has been elected as a full member of The Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). [27] He has been awarded the Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine by the Jung-Stiftung for Science and Research, the Descartes Prize for Research by the European Commission and has received the Carus-Medal of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 2012, Josef Penninger was awarded with the Innovator Award for his project "Novel Approaches to Breast Cancer Prevention and Inhibition of Metastases" through the US Department of Defense. [28] In 2013 Josef Penninger received his second European Research Council’s (ERC) Advanced Investigator Grant for his research in the field of haploid stem cells. [29]

Science communication

In collaboration with the incorporated society Dialog Gentechnik, in 2006 IMBA opened a hands-on biomolecular laboratory open to the public. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wetware computer</span> Computer composed of organic material

A wetware computer is an organic computer composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they use biological materials, and offer the possibility of substantially more energy-efficient computing. While a wetware computer is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future. The most notable prototypes have stemmed from the research completed by biological engineer William Ditto during his time at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His work constructing a simple neurocomputer capable of basic addition from leech neurons in 1999 was a significant discovery for the concept. This research was a primary example driving interest in creating these artificially constructed, but still organic brains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organoid</span> Miniaturized and simplified version of an organ

An organoid is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural and biological complexity of that organ. They are derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self-organize in three-dimensional culture owing to their self-renewal and differentiation capacities. The technique for growing organoids has rapidly improved since the early 2010s, and The Scientist names it as one of the biggest scientific advancements of 2013. Scientists and engineers use organoids to study development and disease in the laboratory, drug discovery and development in industry, personalized diagnostics and medicine, gene and cell therapies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Research Institute of Molecular Pathology</span>

The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) is a biomedical research center, which conducts curiosity-driven basic research in the molecular life sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerebral organoid</span> Artificial miniature brain like organ

A neural, or brain organoid, describes an artificially grown, in vitro, tissue resembling parts of the human brain. Neural organoids are created by culturing pluripotent stem cells into a three-dimensional culture that can be maintained for years. The brain is an extremely complex system of heterogeneous tissues and consists of a diverse array of neurons and glial cells. This complexity has made studying the brain and understanding how it works a difficult task in neuroscience, especially when it comes to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of creating an in vitro neurological model is to study these diseases in a more defined setting. This 3D model is free of many potential in vivo limitations. The varying physiology between human and other mammalian models limits the scope of animal studies in neurological disorders. Neural organoids contain several types of nerve cells and have anatomical features that recapitulate regions of the nervous system. Some neural organoids are most similar to neurons of the cortex. In some cases, the retina,spinal cord, thalamus and hippocampus. Other neural organoids are unguided and contain a diversity of neural and non-neural cells. Stem cells have the potential to grow into many different types of tissues, and their fate is dependent on many factors. Below is an image showing some of the chemical factors that can lead stem cells to differentiate into various neural tissues; a more in-depth table of generating specific organoid identity has been published. Similar techniques are used on stem cells used to grow cerebral organoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Perutz Labs</span>

The Max Perutz Labs Vienna are a molecular biology research centre operated jointly by the University of Vienna and the Medical University of Vienna located at the Vienna Biocenter. The institute is named after the Viennese-born biochemist and Nobel laureate Max Ferdinand Perutz. On average, the institute hosts 50 independent research groups. Max Perutz Labs scientists participate in the undergraduate curricula for students of the University of Vienna and the Medical University of Vienna.

Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). In short, it is brain growth in relation to its organization. This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melissa Little</span> Australian scientist and academic (born 1963)

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Alexander Stark is a biochemist and computational biologist working on the regulation of gene expression in development. He is a senior scientist at the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) at the Vienna Biocenter and adjunct professor of the Medical University of Vienna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sergiu P. Pașca</span> Romanian-American scientist and physician at Stanford University

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">CRISPR gene editing</span> Gene editing method

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jürgen Knoblich</span> German molecular biologist

Jürgen Knoblich is a German molecular biologist. Since 2018, he is the interim Scientific Director of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.  

Daniel Wolfram Gerlich is a German cell biologist. Since 2012 he has been a Senior Group Leader at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.

Julius Brennecke is a German molecular biologist and geneticist. He is a Senior Group Leader at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology. (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul J. Tesar</span> American developmental biologist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Experimental models of Alzheimer's disease</span>

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A myelinoid or myelin organoid is a three dimensional in vitro cultured model derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that represents various brain regions, the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system in early fetal human development. Myelinoids have the capacity to recapitulate aspects of brain developmental processes, microenvironments, cell to cell interaction, structural organization and cellular composition. The differentiating aspect dictating whether an organoid is deemed a cerebral organoid/brain organoid or myelinoid is the presence of myelination and compact myelin formation that is a defining feature of myelinoids. Due to the complex nature of the human brain, there is a need for model systems which can closely mimic complicated biological processes. Myelinoids provide a unique in vitro model through which myelin pathology, neurodegenerative diseases, developmental processes and therapeutic screening can be accomplished.

An assembloid is an in vitro model that combines two or more organoids, spheroids, or cultured cell types to recapitulate structural and functional properties of an organ. They are typically derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Assembloids have been used to study cell migration, neural circuit assembly, neuro-immune interactions, metastasis, and other complex tissue processes. The term "assembloid" was coined by Sergiu P. Pașca's lab in 2017.

References

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