Related Research Articles
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank. Based in Berlin, its nonprofit and non-governmental purpose is to take action to combat global corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International serves as an umbrella organization. From 1993 till today its members have grown from a few individuals to more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting perceived corruption in their home countries. TI is a member of G20 Think Tanks, UNESCO Consultative Status, United Nations Global Compact, Sustainable Development Solutions Network and shares the goals of peace, justice, strong institutions and partnerships of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG). TI is a social partner of Global Alliance in Management Education. TI confirmed the dis-accreditation of the national chapter of United States of America in 2017.
The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is the only legally binding international anti-corruption multilateral treaty. Negotiated by member states of the United Nations (UN) it has been adopted by the UN General Assembly in October 2003 and entered into force in December 2005. The treaty recognises the importance of both preventive and punitive measures, addresses the cross-border nature of corruption with provisions on international cooperation and on the return of the proceeds of corruption. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Vienna serves as Secretariat for the UNCAC. UNCAC's goal is to reduce various types of corruption that can occur across country borders, such as trading in influence and abuse of power, as well as corruption in the private sector, such as embezzlement and money laundering. Another goal of the UNCAC is to strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation between countries by providing effective legal mechanisms for international asset recovery.
Global Witness is an international NGO established in 1993 that works to break the links between natural resource exploitation, conflict, poverty, corruption, and human rights abuses worldwide. The organisation has offices in London and Washington, D.C.
The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC) is an international network of NGOs, with a membership of over 2,500 organizations worldwide advocating for a fair, effective and independent International Criminal Court (ICC). Coalition NGO members work in partnership to strengthen international cooperation with the ICC; ensure that the court is fair, effective and independent; make justice both visible and universal, and advance stronger national laws that deliver justice to victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. The CICC Secretariat is hosted by the World Federalist Movement-Institute for Global Policy (WFM-IGP) and has offices in New York City, near the United Nations (UN), and in The Hague, The Netherlands. Additionally, the CICC has regional offices in Belgium, and Peru.
The Group of States against Corruption, the Council of Europe’s anti-corruption monitoring body with its Headquarters in Strasbourg (France), was established, in 1999, as an enlarged Partial Agreement by 17 Council of Europe member States.
In Argentina the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police with jurisdiction in all Argentine territory. Most routine police work is carried out by provincial/state police forces. In recent years several cities, started their own local police forces to reduce the burden on the State Police. The capital city of Buenos Aires, where the Argentine Federal Police works with Argentine Naval Prefecture and Buenos Aires City Police.
Mark Lawrence Wolf is a Senior Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and founder and chair of Integrity Initiatives International.
The Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) [previously known as Forum-Asia] is a membership-based regional human rights organisation with 85 member organisations in 23 countries across Asia. It is committed to the promotion and protection of all human rights including the right to development.
Corruption in Romania has decreased in recent years. In particular since 2014, Romania undertook a significant anti-corruption effort that included the investigation and prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative officials by the National Anticorruption Directorate. The National Anticorruption Directorate was established in 2002 by the Romanian government to investigate and prosecute medium and high-level corruption related offenses, using a model of organization inspired by similar structures in Norway, Belgium and Spain. Adrian Zuckerman, the US Ambassador in Romania, has stated in 2021 that "the rule of law has been strengthened in Romania". Since 2022, the effectiveness of the investigation and sanctioning of high-level corruption further improved, including by advancing on cases that had been pending for years for procedural reasons.
Corruption is rare in the Netherlands in all major areas—judiciary, police, business, politics—as the country is considered one of the least corrupt within the European Union.
Corruption in Georgia had been an issue in the post-Soviet decades. Before the 2003 Rose Revolution, according to Foreign Policy, Georgia was among the most corrupt nations in Eurasia. The level of corruption abated dramatically, however, after the revolution. In 2010, Transparency International (TI) said that Georgia was "the best corruption-buster in the world." Low-level corruption has been virtually eliminated in recent years. Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index ranks the country in 45th place out of 180 countries, on a scale where the lowest-ranked countries are perceived to have the most honest public sector.
Corruption in Thailand is a national issue. Thai law provides criminal penalties for conviction of official corruption. Thailand's 2014 military junta, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), stated that fighting corruption would be one of its main focus points, a common practice for military dictatorships following Thailand's frequent military coups. Despite the promises, officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity, and the NCPO engaged in corrupt practices itself.
Akere Tabeng Muna is a Cameroonian lawyer who is currently the Chairman of the International Anti-Corruption Conference Council. He is also the Sanctions Commissioner of the African Development Bank Group and a Member of the High-Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa. He previously served as the Vice-Chair of Transparency International, and he has presided over the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) of the African Union, the Pan African Lawyers Union and the Cameroon Bar Association.
The International Anti-Corruption Court (IACC) is a proposed international court that would strengthen the enforcement of criminal laws against corrupt leaders. The effort to establish the court was first proposed by Judge Mark L. Wolf, a Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, at the 2012 St. Petersburg International Legal Forum, the 2014 World Forum on Global Governance, and in articles for the Brookings Institution and The Washington Post in 2014. The IACC proposal was further developed in a 2018 paper published in Daedalus, the journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, titled “The World Needs an International Anti-Corruption Court.” In 2022, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences published a paper by Judge Mark L. Wolf, Justice Richard Goldstone and Professor Robert Rotberg, titled “The Progressing Proposal for An International Anti-Corruption Court.”
Transparency Serbia is a non-profit organization based in Belgrade, Serbia. It was founded in 2002 and granted the status of "national chapter in formation" by the Transparency International (TI) movement. Over the next four years, Transparency Serbia concentrated its efforts on advocating for the adoption and improvement of anti-corruption legislation through the use of promotional campaigns, draft amendments, comparative legal analysis of legislation. Transparency Serbia further worked to raise public awareness of anti-corruption legislation and identify implementation gaps where legislation was not being enforced. The priorities of work in that period were advocating for the adoption of the Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance (2004), the Law on Prevention of Conflict of Interest (2004), full implementation of the Law on Financing of Political Parties (2003) and the Law on Public Procurement (2002), as well as the adoption of the National Anti-corruption Strategy (2005) and the accompanying action plan (2006).
Corruption in Ecuador is a serious problem. In 2014, the U.S. Department of State cited Ecuador's corruption as a key human-rights problem. According to Freedom House, "Ecuador has long been racked by corruption", and the weak judicial oversight and investigative resources perpetuate a culture of impunity.
Patricia Moreira was the managing director of the international secretariat of Transparency International, an organization that campaigns against corruption, between October 2017 and February 2020.
Corruption in Chad is characterized by nepotism and cronyism. Chad received a score of 20 out of 100 on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index; of the 180 countries evaluated, Chad's rank was 164, placing it among the countries in the world perceived to be most corrupt.
Anti-corruption comprises activities that oppose or inhibit corruption. Just as corruption takes many forms, anti-corruption efforts vary in scope and in strategy. A general distinction between preventive and reactive measures is sometimes drawn. In such framework, investigative authorities and their attempts to unveil corrupt practices would be considered reactive, while education on the negative impact of corruption, or firm-internal compliance programs are classified as the former.
Maritime anti-corruption initiatives have emerged in the last decade as a response to the growing threat of transnational corruption in the maritime domain, specifically the shipping industry. While historically, national authorities would handle corruption domestically, the increasingly international nature of shipping and corruption have led to private and public actors engaging in collective initiatives, typically manifesting through the work of the Maritime Anti-Corruption Network.
References
- ↑ IACC website, http://iaccseries.org/
- ↑ Africa Recovery, http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/134corru.htm
- ↑ History of the IACC Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- 1 2 Andrew Marshall, How Corruption Is Holding Asia Back, Time World Magazine, November 10, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- 1 2 Publish what you Pay, http://www.publishwhatyoupay.org/events/14th-international-anti-corruption-conference Archived 2012-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 Asian Correspondent, http://asiancorrespondent.com/42074/global-anti-corruption-conference-to-be-held-in-bangkok/ Archived 2011-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ UN Global Compact, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/news/82-11-13-2010
- ↑ "Home". iaccseries.org.
- ↑ http://16iacc.org.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/about/history/index.html [ dead link ]
- ↑ "Putrajaya Declaration: Zero Tolerance for Impunity". 16iacc.org. 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ "#17IACC: Day 1 highlights". us13.campaign-archive1.com. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
- ↑ "IACC Series – 18th International Anti-Corruption Conference to take place 22-24 October 2018 in Copenhagen". iaccseries.org. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-12.