The politics of Bolivia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic,whereby the president is head of state,head of government and head of a diverse multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. Both the Judiciary and the electoral branch are independent of the executive and the legislature. After the 2014 Bolivian general election,53.1% of the seats in national parliament were held by women,a higher proportion of women than that of the population.
The current Constitution of Bolivia came into effect on 7 February 2009 when it was promulgated by President Evo Morales,after being approved in a referendum with 90.24% participation. The referendum was held on 25 January 2009,with the constitution being approved by 61.43% of voters.
Indigenous peoples in Chile or Native Chileans form about 13% of the total population of Chile. According to the 2017 census,almost 2,200,000 people declare having indigenous origins. Most Chileans are of partially indigenous descent;however,indigenous identification and its legal ramifications are typically reserved to those who self-identify with and are accepted within one or more indigenous groups.
Bolivia has recognised same-sex civil unions since 20 March 2023 in accordance with a ruling from the Plurinational Constitutional Court. The court ruled on 22 June 2022 that the Civil Registry Service (SERECI) was obliged to recognise civil unions for same-sex couples and urged the Legislative Assembly to pass legislation recognising same-sex unions. The court ruling went into effect upon publication on 20 March 2023. The ruling made Bolivia the seventh country in South America to recognise same-sex unions.
Plurinationality,plurinational,or plurinationalism is defined as the coexistence of two or more sealed or preserved national groups within a polity. In plurinationalism,the idea of nationality is plural,meaning there are many nationals within an organized community or body of peoples. Derived from this concept,a plurinational state is the existence of multiple political communities and constitutional asymmetry. The usage of plurinationality assists in avoiding the division of societies within a state or country. Furthermore,a plurinational democracy recognizes the multiple demoi within a polity. Reportedly the term has its origin in the Indigenous political movement in Bolivia where it was first heard of in the early 1980s. As of 2022 Bolivia and Ecuador are constitutionally defined as plurinational states.
Indigenous peoples in Bolivia,or Native Bolivians,are Bolivian people who are of indigenous ancestry. They constitute anywhere from 40 to 70% of Bolivia's population of 11,306,341,depending on different estimates,and belong to 36 recognized ethnic groups. Aymara and Quechua are the largest groups. The geography of Bolivia includes the Andes,the Gran Chaco,and the Amazon Rainforest.
An election for the members of the Constitutional Convention was held in Chile between 15 and 16 May 2021. This election was called after 78% of voters in the 2020 national plebiscite voted to write a new Constitution through this method.
The Constitutional Convention was the constituent body of the Republic of Chile in charge of drafting a new Political Constitution of the Republic after the approval of the national plebiscite held in October 2020. Its creation and regulation were carried out through Law No. 21,200,published on 24 December 2019,which amended the Political Constitution of the Republic to include the process of drafting a new constitution. The body met for the first time on 4 July 2021. Chilean President Sebastian Piñera said,"This Constitutional Convention must,within a period of 9 months,extendable for an additional 3 months,draft and approve a new constitution for Chile,which must be ratified by the citizens through a plebiscite." It ended its functions and declared itself dissolved on 4 July 2022.
A constitutional referendum was held in Chile on 4 September 2022,in order to determine whether the public agreed with the text of a new Political Constitution of the Republic drawn up by the Constitutional Convention. It was commonly referred to as the "exit plebiscite".
Francisca Linconao Huircapán,also known as Machi Linconao,is a machi and human rights activist in Chile. She became the first Indigenous rights defender in Chile to successfully invoke the 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention when she sued to stop a company from logging a forest adjacent to her community. In 2021,she was elected as a representative of the Mapuche people to the Chilean Constitutional Convention election.
Non-Neutral Independents is a loose coalition of independent candidates that was created in Chile to participate in the 2021 elections for members of the Constitutional Convention.
Cancosa is a village situated in the TarapacáRegion of Chile,known for its Aymara heritage. It is located near the border with Bolivia,at the base of the Sillajhuay volcano. According to historical records from the Registrar of Real Estate of the municipality of Iquique,the town is believed to have been established by the Moscoso,Challapa,Ticuna,and Mamani families.
Elisa Loncón Antileo is a Mapuche linguist and indigenous rights activist in Chile. In 2021,Loncón was elected as one of the representatives of the Mapuche people for the Chilean Constitutional Convention. Following in the inauguration of the body,Loncón was elected President of the Constitutional Convention. This role,along with her academic career,has placed her at the center of public attention and controversy. In particular,her formal education became a subject of public scrutiny when the Council for Transparency (CPLT) demanded the release of her academic records,igniting a debate about the intersection of race,class,and public transparency in Chile.
Natividad Llanquileo Pilquimán is a Mapuche lawyer and human rights activist. Llanquileo was noted for her role as a spokesperson during the 2010 Mapuche hunger strike. She was a member of the Constitutional Convention during its existence from 2021 to 2022.
Isabel Selena Godoy Monárdez is a Qulla activist and politician in Chile. A former political prisoner during the Chilean military dictatorship,Godoy was elected in 2021 to represent the Qulla people at the Constitutional Convention.
Tiare Maeva Carolina Aguilera Hey is a Rapa Nui attorney and politician. In 2021,she was elected to represent the Rapa Nui people in the Chilean Constitutional Convention.
Margarita Virginia Vargas López is a Kawésqar politician in Chile. In 2021,she was elected to serve as the Kawésqar nation's representative in the Constitutional Convention. Outside of politics,Vargas is a social activist and academic who has written for El Mostrador.
Rosa Catrileo Arias is a Mapuche lawyer and politician who serves as a member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention. As an attorney,she has primarily focused on protecting indigenous land rights in the Mapuche conflict.
Alejandra Alicia Flores Carlos is a Chilean teacher of Aymara descent who was elected as a member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention.
Plácida Espinoza Mamani is a Bolivian educator,politician,and trade unionist who served as senator for Oruro from 2015 to 2020.
