Isleworth Mona Lisa

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Isleworth Mona Lisa
Isleworthml.JPG
YearEarly sixteenth-century
Medium Oil on canvas
Subject Lisa Gherardini
Dimensions84.5 cm× 64.5 cm(33.3 in× 25.4 in)
LocationPrivate collection, Switzerland

The Isleworth Mona Lisa is an early sixteenth-century oil on canvas painting depicting the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa , though with the subject (Lisa del Giocondo) depicted as being a younger age. [1] The painting is thought to have been brought from Italy to England in the 1780s, [1] and came into public view in 1913 when the English connoisseur Hugh Blaker acquired it from a manor house in Somerset, where it was thought to have been hanging for over a century. [2] The painting would eventually adopt its unofficial name of Isleworth Mona Lisa from Blaker's studio being in Isleworth, West London. [3] Since the 1910s, experts in various fields, as well as the collectors who have acquired ownership of the painting, have asserted that the major elements of the painting are the work of Leonardo himself, as an earlier version of the Mona Lisa. [4]

Contents

In 1914, art critic Paul George Konody criticized early reports of the painting, which contained errors that he believed caused skepticism about the painting to become "hostile incredulity", but Konody nonetheless found that the painting was clearly "very largely worked up by the master himself". [5] Konody also found the painting to have features "far more pleasing and beautiful than in the Louvre version". [5] [6] A number of Italian experts in the 1920s echoed Konody's assessment of authorship by Leonardo at a time when the painting was more broadly examined. [7] Much later authorities have made varying characterizations of the degree to which the painting can be ascribed to Leonardo; in 2012, The Guardian described the art world as being "split" over the question, [8] and in 2013, Reuters said that it was "dismissed by some experts", but "also won support in the art world". [9] Art historian Jean-Pierre Isbouts has endorsed Leonardo's involvement in painting the work, asserting that "24 of 27 recognised Leonardo scholars have agreed this is a Leonardo", [10] while art historian Martin Kemp dismisses the proposition that Leonardo painted any part, and in 2012 described his contemporaries in the art world as being equivocal, or making "encouraging but noncommittal statements" on this point. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Kemp and others who doubt Leonardo's hand in the painting attribute it to the Leonardeschi, Leonardo's workshop, believing it to be one of a number of copies of the Mona Lisa produced by Leonardo's collaborators, assistants, and pupils, though, as Leonardo biographer Walter Isaacson expressed it, "perhaps with an occasional helping hand from the master". [12] In 2010, The Mona Lisa Foundation was founded to investigate if the Isleworth Mona Lisa was painted in part by Leonardo, [16] [17] but as an earlier version of the Louvre Mona Lisa. [18]

Differing views have been expressed on the relative weight to be given to scientific evidence versus connoisseurship. Physicist John F. Asmus, who pioneered laser-restoration techniques for Renaissance art, and who had previously examined the Mona Lisa in the Louvre for this purpose, published a computer image processing study in 1988 concluding that the brush strokes of the face in the painting were performed by the same artist responsible for the brush strokes of the face of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, [19] [9] and replicated that finding in a 2016 study. However, curator Luke Syson has argued that science is "only ever one of several factors we'd use to assess the authenticity and authorship of a work of art". [20] An independent 2015 academic journal article also attributed the work to Leonardo on stylistic grounds. [21]

Description

The Mona Lisa (1503-1516) by Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg
The Mona Lisa (1503–1516) by Leonardo da Vinci
Hands of the Louvre Mona Lisa (top) and the Isleworth Mona Lisa (bottom) Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg
Hands of the Louvre Mona Lisa (top) and the Isleworth Mona Lisa (bottom)

The Isleworth Mona Lisa is of the same subject as the Mona Lisa in the Louvre. [15] [22] and there are many similarities between the two. Both paintings depict a dark-haired woman, Lisa Gherardini, who sits at an angle and is surrounded by the landscape behind her. [23] The work measures 84.5 × 64.5 cm, slightly larger than the Louvre Mona Lisa. [24] However, the Isleworth Mona Lisa is differentiated by the model being noticeably younger, [25] having columns, [26] and being painted on canvas. [27] The canvas is of hand-woven linen cloth, characterized by "simple 'tabby' weaves with an average count of 18 threads per cm2 in the warp and 16 threads per cm2 in the weft, that cross one another regularly, with some variation in thickness. The result is a deformation in which the warp is slightly tighter than the weft". [28]

Face and hands

Konody observed of the Isleworth subject that "[t]he head is inclined at a different angle". [29] Physicist John F. Asmus, who had previously examined the Mona Lisa in the Louvre and investigated other works by Leonardo, published a computer image processing study in 1988 concluding that the brush strokes of the face in the painting were performed by the same artist responsible for the brush strokes of the face of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre. [30] Asmus found that the head appears to be "tilted forward toward the viewer... consistent with the dramatically shorter appearing neck, which is also a greater angle to the vertical than that of the Louvre painting". [30] Another early reviewer commented that "[t]he head is tilted more forward and the parting of the hair is exactly in the center, while that of the Louvre picture starts in the middle of the forehead and runs towards the back of the head at an impossible and incorrect angle". [31] Asmus observed that "the Isleworth figure has a somewhat higher forehead, a slightly wider face, and less of a bulge in the veil over the proper left side of the head". [30] He further reported that "the eyes are much wider set in the Isleworth painting". [30] John Eyre reported Adolfo Venturi, in his early 1920s examination, praised "the beauty of the eye drawing... is the principal portion done by Leonardo together with the line of the mouth". [7]

A review of the painting in the Deseret News shortly after it was first shown to the public describes its tonality as being darker, and describes the coloring as being in "accordance with almost all the works attributed to Leonardo—that of a golden glow—while the finish is of a most minute character". [32] Italian curator Lorenzo Cecconi, who also examined the painting in the 1920s, said that "the fusion of the tints of the flesh, especially in the eyes; the line which designs the nose, the mouth, and the oval of the face" were remarkable, and indicated that "this may be a second work of the Great Leonardo". [7] In the same period, Renaissance scholar Arduino Colasanti thought "the upper part with the eyes and nose of the face" were definitely by Leonardo, and noted collector Ludovico Spiridon stated that "the face has been painted by Leonardo; no doubt of this at all". [7] In the 1960s, the art dealer Henry F. Pulitzer claimed that "densitometric tests on the planes of face and hands show a gradual change of tone values from dark to light which only [Leonardo] da Vinci, with his amazing eyesight, was capable of". [33] Asmus similarly found in the 1980s that amplitude histograms sorting the number of pixels of each brightness level in these features "reveal a remarkable similarity even though the images are noticeably different". [30] Other differences have been observed with respect to aspects of the face:

The Louvre picture, whether from cleaning or some other cause, shows a bulge over the left eye which is anatomically impossible—a blemish which is absent in the newly discovered version, while the line of the jaw is not cut in so suddenly against the chin. ... the whole picture is unbelievably beautiful. [31]

French artist Albert Sauteur suggested in 2014 that differences between the paintings were accounted for not only by the model having aged, but that the narrower face and closer eyes in the Louvre painting could be accounted for by Leonardo experimenting with painting from a binocular visual perspective, rather than the traditional monocular perspective. [34] British fine arts consultant Archibald Cecil Chappelow of the Royal Society of Arts, wrote in 1956 that "the face is superbly painted, and the hands more neatly defined than those in the Louvre painting". [35] Asmus specifically asserted that "portions of the hands in the Louvre painting have been criticized as being 'fat and ugly'", while "it is intriguing to note that the Isleworth thumb is more slender and closer to what would be expected from Leonardo". [30] Asmus notes that this may be the result of inept repair work later on. [30] Konody further stated of the painting that "[t]he hands, with their careful and somewhat hard drawing and terra cotta coloring, suggest at once the name of Leonardo's pupil, Marco d' Oggionno; whereas the inimitably soft and lovely painting of the head and bust, the exquisite subtlety of the expression, the golden glow of the general coloring, can be due only to Leonardo". [29] Spiridon thought that "[t]he redness of the hands is probably due to a bad varnish that could be removed". [7] Konody found the features of the Isleworth painting overall to be "more delicate" than those of the Louvre painting, stating of them, "let it be boldly stated, far more pleasing and beautiful than in the Louvre version". [29] [6]

In 2023, on the occasion of the Turin exhibition in which the "Isleworth Mona Lisa" was exhibited, the art critic Jonathan Jones expressed himself decisively against the attribution of the painting to Leonardo, above all, but not only, in consideration of the features of the face

In my view, there isn’t a chance in hell that this is a Leonardo. The claims being made for the Isleworth Mona Lisa seem implausible. It seems inconceivable to me that the most subtle, observant and relentlessly patient of artists would have produced such a lousy, lackadaisical image of a human face (…) The so-called Isleworth Mona Lisa is, by contrast, completely lacking in personality. Her grin looks inane and fixed, unlike the true Mona Lisa’s deeply studied smile which reflects Leonardo’s anatomical dissections of human facial muscles, right down to the lips. [36]

Hair and body

The Detroit Free Press reported in 1914 that "[t]he hair which falls over the left shoulder is hardly indicated against the left breast, thus differing from the Louvre picture". [31] Cecconi observed that "the locks of hair falling on the right shoulder" did not correspond exactly to those in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, and that "the border around the neck differs in small details". [7] Colasanti, in his evaluation, was "particularly strong on the question of the hair", which he thought was indeed by Leonardo. [7] Kemp particularly dismissed the hair and clothing, describing the hair in the Louvre painting as having a "characteristic rivulet pattern", while deeming the rendering in the Isleworth version "routine". [24]

With respect to other elements of the body, Colasanti "was inclined to think that Melzi had done a great part of it", noting in particular that the throat "did not give the idea of being able to turn round which was extremely noticeable in all throats painted by Leonardo". [7] Spiridon also thought the throat to have definitely been painted by someone other than Leonardo. [7]

Kemp considered certain elements of the clothing to be lacking, particularly in the rendering of the veil, [24] while professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali of the University of Bologna, examining multiple portraits sharing the theme of the Mona Lisa, write of the Isleworth painting that "additional impressive features are found that can only be attributed to the hand of a great master", including "details in the rendering and design of the embroidery on the dress, which suggest a brilliant mind". [21]

Background and columns

It is generally agreed that the painting was originally left unfinished, and specifically that the parts of the background other than the columns were a later addition. In Colasanti's evaluation, for example, "[t]he background did not worry him, it was not Leonardo". [7] According to Pulitzer, testing of the paint indicated that the columns were part of the original work, while the background was "added in the 17th century in paints of a type used by Flemish artists", [33] though Isbouts writes that "[s]everal tests have been made on the pigments, all confirming that the pigment components were all existing and available at the turn of the 16th century". [37] Both Eyre and Pulitzer said in their defenses of the painting that the columns were similar to those included by Raphael in his 1503 sketch of Leonardo's painting, although not found in the Louvre Mona Lisa. Kemp is particularly critical of the background, finding it monotonous, and the island of trees on the far left and their reflection poorly executed. [24] Konody, however, wrote of the painting, that there "is far more background", and therefore felt that "the spacing is infinitely more pleasing", and that the background was "far less assertive than in the Paris picture". [29]

In examining the portraits through computer image processing technology, Asmus inserted the Isleworth painting subject on the Louvre painting background, so as to analyze the two subjects in the same context. [30]

Background

Origin

It is generally agreed that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was painted in the early sixteenth century. Those who believe that Leonardo painted it contend that disparate dates proposed for the initiation of the Mona Lisa indicate that two different paintings were worked on at different times, with the Isleworth Mona Lisa being begun in 1503 and left unfinished, and the Louvre Mona Lisa being begun after 1513. Specifically, it is believed by some that Leonardo da Vinci had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, in Florence by October 1503. [38] [39] [40] Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506", [41] Eugène Müntz is known to have reported that by 1501 Fra. Pietro de Nuvolaria had written in a letter that "two of Leonardo's pupils were painting portraits which he occasionally worked upon himself", suggested as possibly referring to versions of the Mona Lisa. [32] Kemp notes difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty. [42] In addition, many Leonardo experts, such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi, are of the opinion that the Louvre painting is characteristic of Leonardo's style in the final years of his life, post-1513. [43] [44] Other academics argue that, given the historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513. [45] Proponents of the Isleworth point to the account of sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari, who wrote of the Mona Lisa that "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". [46] The record of an October 1517 visit by Luigi d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's patron at the Belvedere Palace between 1513 and 1516 [47] [48] [lower-alpha 1] —though this has been suspected an error. [49] [lower-alpha 2] According to Vasari, the painting was created for the model's husband, Francesco del Giocondo. [50]

It has been asserted that Leonardo "almost invariably commenced two versions of each of his works, which he rarely finished". [51] A number of experts have argued that Leonardo made two versions of the Mona Lisa (because of the uncertainty concerning its dating and commissioner, as well as its fate following Leonardo's death in 1519, and the difference of details in Raphael's sketch—which may reflect that he made the sketch from memory). [52] [53] [21] [54] Experts universally agree that Raphael's pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent, is based on Leonardo's portrait. [55] [56] [53] Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design and The Walters Art Museum, also display large flanking columns. As a result, it was thought that the Mona Lisa had been trimmed. [57] [58] [59] [60] However, by 1993, Frank Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed; [61] this was confirmed through a series of tests in 2004. [62] In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre, states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version, [63] while Zöllner states that the sketch may be after another Leonardo portrait of the same subject. [61]

Dianne Hales wrote that painter and art theorist Gian Paolo Lomazzo also seems to identify two versions of the painting: "Lomazzo, a supposed acquaintance of Leonardo's longtime secretary Melzi, wrote that 'the two most beautiful and important portraits by Leonardo are the Mona Lisa and the Gioconda'". [64] The hypothetical first portrait, displaying prominent columns, would have been commissioned by Giocondo circa 1503, and left unfinished in Leonardo's pupil and assistant Salaì's possession until his death in 1524. The second, commissioned by Giuliano de' Medici circa 1513, would have been sold by Salaì to Francis I in 1518 [lower-alpha 3] and is the one in the Louvre today. [53] [21] [54] [65] Those who believe that there was only one true Mona Lisa have been unable to agree between the two aforementioned fates. [42] [66] [67]

Post-rediscovery history

Researchers have indicated that the Isleworth painting was likely brought to England from Italy in the 1780s by a Somerset nobleman named James Marwood, who was documented as owning a painting attributed to Leonardo and titled La Jaconde (the French title of the Mona Lisa). [1] A record of holdings of the Avishays Estate in Chard, also mentioning Marwood, includes an 1858 entry for "[c]atalogues of plate and china, and of furniture etc. including picture of La Joconda". [68] In 1913, English connoisseur and art collector Hugh Blaker spotted and acquired the painting from a nobleman's house in Somerset where it was said to have been hanging for over a century. [2] The painting would eventually adopt its unofficial name of Isleworth Mona Lisa from Blaker's studio being in Isleworth, West London. [69] In a letter he wrote to his sister Jane, Blaker stated that he thought the work to be by Leonardo and therefore saw potential for making money out of his purchase. [70]

Towards the beginning of 1914, Hungarian-born London art critic and historian Paul George Konody examined the painting, and concluded that, unlike Wilhelm von Bode's bust of Flora (which Konody had correctly discerned was falsely claimed as Leonardo), [71] the painting was in fact by Leonardo. [72] [29] Konody wrote that the reception of the painting had been marred by "some press agent who sent out the news broadcast, with wrong statements, misquotations, and other blunders galore", but nonetheless found that "though not altogether from the hand of Leonardo da Vinci himself, it emanates most certainly from his studio and was very largely worked up by the master himself". Blaker's step-father, John R. Eyre, published a monograph in 1915 that suggested a partial attribution to Leonardo. [73] Eyre cited Konody's evaluation defending the authenticity of the Isleworth Mona Lisa as the motivation for his monograph, "when this opinion was endorsed by an art critic of Mr. P. G. Konody's standing, I felt convinced there was at least good ground for investigation". [74] In this monograph Eyre was the first to formally propose the painting as an earlier version of the Mona Lisa at the Louvre. [75] Kemp notes of Eyre that "His little book of fifty-one pages is full of careful scholarship, and makes about as good a case as can be made". [24]

With the approach of World War I, Blaker sent the painting to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts for safekeeping. [76] [77] [78] Blaker's step-father, John Eyre, also believed in its attribution and claimed that the painting was a earlier version of Leonardo's Mona Lisa at the Louvre. [79] In 1922, Eyre traveled throughout Italy consulting various scholars on the painting, who generally concluded that Leonardo painted the most significant parts of the work. [80] Eyre reported these endorsements in a 1923 publication, which also expanded on the thesis of his 1915 book. [81] Eyre's 1923 book contained "opinions from some of the foremost art experts in Italy after the turn of the century", including Lorenzo Cecconi, Arduino Colasanti, and Adolfo Venturi, and those experts generally "agreed the painting probably was done in Da Vinci's studio, by his students, if not by himself". [33] According to journalist Dianne Hales, however the attributions based on connoisseurship evaluating sections of the painting such as face, hair, hands, and background failed to win a consensus as to authenticity at that time. [82] In 1936, the work was shown in Leicester, where it was seen by Henry F. Pulitzer, who was immediately struck by it. [37] After Blaker's death later in 1936, the painting was passed to his sister, Jane, who died in 1947, which left the painting's whereabouts unknown for a time. [83]

Pulitzer acquired the painting in 1962, and thereafter took the attribution further than Eyre, claiming that it was Leonardo's only real portrait of Lisa Gherardini, implying the Louvre Mona Lisa to be a copy. [84] [85] Hales wrote that "Pulitzer had to sell his grand house in Kensington, all of its furnishings, and many of its paintings... Although the art world never overcame its skepticism, Pulitzer remained a believer to the end". [86] Pulitzer's argument included much historical evidence, including Vasari's controversial account. [85] [87] In 1963, Pulitzer exhibited the painting in Phoenix, Arizona, inviting "all experts and critics who wish to view the painting and his evidence". [33] Jean-Pierre Isbouts notes of Pulitzer that despite his success as a publisher he was "not a very talented author", concluding that "[h]is unfortunate 1966 book about the painting, filled with uppercase screeds... did far more harm than good, and ensured that no self-respecting art historian would go near the work". [37]

When Pulitzer died in 1979, his partner, Elizabeth Meyer, inherited the painting and after her death in 2008, the Isleworth Mona Lisa was sold to a group of Geneva-based investors. [16] [18] [88] On 27 September 2012, The Mona Lisa Foundation of Zurich officially unveiled the painting and simultaneously presented the Foundation's research and arguments for the painting's authenticity. [24] [89] Several leading modern scholars have continued to express skepticism. [12] [11] [90] [13] [14] In 2012, The Guardian described the art world as being "split" over the question, [8] and in 2013, Reuters reported that it was "dismissed by some experts", but "also won support in the art world". [9] In 2019, an anonymous "distinguished European family" claimed that the painting's former owner had sold them a 25% stake in the painting, but a lawyer speaking for current owners stated that the claim was clearly without merit. [91]

Attribution

Young Woman on a Balcony by Raphael (c. 1505), after Leonardo; today in the Louvre Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg
Young Woman on a Balcony by Raphael (c. 1505), after Leonardo; today in the Louvre

It is generally agreed that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was painted during Leonardo's lifetime and in his studio, the question being whether Leonardo himself painted any substantial portion of the painting. A number of arguments have been made for and against this proposition. Sources have suggested that Leonardo occasionally worked on paintings being prepared by others in his studio, for example in Fra. Pietro de Nuvolaria's 1501 letter stating that "two of Leonardo's pupils were painting portraits which he occasionally worked upon himself", [32] and Isaacson's assertion that students painting in Leonardo's studio may have received "an occasional helping hand from the master". [12] Konody wrote in his evaluation of the Isleworth Mona Lisa that "it is worth noting that the painting of two versions of the same subject would not be an isolated instance in the practice of Leonardo—witness the 'Virgin of the Rocks', of which both the Louvre and the National Gallery in London own authentic versions". [5]

Initial examinations

Documentary attribution of the painting to Leonardo reportedly traces to its ownership by James Marwood in the 1780s. [1] After its rediscovery in 1913 this attribution to was again suggested by its owner, Hugh Blaker, who believed it to be by Leonardo. [76] Konody, after his own examination of the painting, wrote in The New York Times that the discovery of the painting had been marred by attendant publicity, stating that "skepticism turns into hostile incredulity, if the discovery is injudiciously exploited by some press agent who sent out the news broadcast, with wrong statements, misquotations, and other blunders galore", but nonetheless finding that "though not altogether from the hand of Leonardo da Vinci himself, it emanates most certainly from his studio and was very largely worked up by the master himself". Although Konody saw the styles of other artists in parts of the painting, he wrote that "the inimitably soft and lovely painting of the head and bust, the exquisite subtlety of the expression, the golden glow of the general coloring, can be due only to Leonardo". [5]

Blaker's stepfather, John Eyre, expanded on Blaker's theory in his 1915 publication, [92] claiming that it was the earlier version of the better known Louvre Mona Lisa. [73] Eyre published another book in 1923, [81] which was the result of consultation with 10 experts, many of whom attributed sections of the painting to Leonardo. [80] Art historian Martin Kemp notes that "His little book of fifty-one pages is full of careful scholarship, and makes about as good a case as can be made". [24] However, Blaker and Eyre's efforts did not result in wide acceptance. [82]

20th century testing by Pulitzer and Asmus

When Henry Pulitzer purchased the painting in 1962, he immediately endorsed the attribution of Eyre, stating the Isleworth was the only Mona Lisa done by Leonardo. [85] This was an observation repeated in his book where he argued that Leonardo's contemporary Raphael made a sketch of this painting, probably from memory, after seeing it in Leonardo's studio in 1504. The Raphael sketch includes the two Greek columns that are not found in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, but are found in the Isleworth painting. Pulitzer presents a few pages of art expert testimonials in his book; some of these experts seemed to believe that Leonardo was the painter, others felt the artist was somebody who worked in Leonardo's studio, and still others suggested that other artists may have done it. He then presents laboratory evidence, such as light to dark ratios across the canvas and X-rays, that suggested the painting to be by Leonardo. However, specific detail on the manner in which these studies were carried out, and by whom, is not provided. He wrote: "I have no intention of cluttering up this book with too many technicalities and wish to make this chapter brief". No independent reports on the painting are cited in his text; he uses the pronoun "we" to refer to the team that conducted the research. As his own Pulitzer Press then published these results, there is a lack of outside corroboration for his claims.

In the late 1980s, physicist John F. Asmus used computer image processing to examine the Louvre Mona Lisa to determine how the colors would appear if they were not distorted by the yellowing of the aged varnish, and discovered previously unknown evidence that the subject had originally been painted with a necklace, which had apparently then been painted over and thereby removed, by Leonardo. [93] In 1988, Asmus published his results from using this technology to compare the faces of Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Louvre Mona Lisa, finding that they shared a signature frequency of degrees of lightness and darkness, which Asmus concluded indicated that this aspect of both paintings was painted by the same person. [30]

21st century examinations

Between 2012 and 2013, experts examined and studied the work. Kemp wrote that at a 2012 conference, art historians and Leonardo experts Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti "made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research". [11] A summary of examinations and tests that were carried out was reported by Reuters on 13 February 2013. [9] Alfonso Rubino, who had previously studied Leonardo's Vitruvian Man , "demonstrated that the geometric principles that Leonardo adopted in his Vitruvian Man are also found in both the Louvre Mona Lisa and in the Isleworth painting", and therefore concluded the Isleworth to be by Leonardo's hand. [9] [94] In 2013, Professor Atila Soares examined the painting in detail and published a book where he confirmed its authenticity as a genuine Leonardo. [95]

In October 2013, Jean-Pierre Isbouts published his book The Mona Lisa Myth [96] examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. [97] A companion film of the same name was released in March 2014. [98] In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works, modifying his technique for the second. [34] In July 2014, The Mona Lisa Mystery premiered on the PBS television station's series Secrets of the Dead . This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting. [99] In support of his assertion of authorship, Isbouts pointed to the similarities of the Raphael drawing and the work done by Asmus, as well as confirmation by other examiners that the canvas and paints were the appropriate age, and that the painting exhibited "downward-extending brush strokes from left to right... consistent with the work of a left-handed artist", [53] as Leonardo was. [100]

In 2015, an academic publication by professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali provided an extensive analysis of Mona Lisa paintings and copies, and concluded that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was an original work by Leonardo, on stylistic grounds. [21] In 2016, Asmus revisited the painting with professors Vadim Parfenov and Jessie Elford, with the trio publishing the results of scientific examinations that established to their satisfaction that the same artist painted the face of both the Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa. [45] [54] Gérard Boudin de l'Arche published a comprehensive historical account in 2017, wherein he stated that Leonardo painted the Isleworth Mona Lisa before the Louvre Mona Lisa. [54]

Canvas

Kemp and others have observed that Leonardo's preferred medium was wood, asserting that he rarely painted on canvas. Others have countered that Leonardo "assiduously experimented with new ideas and technologies", [21] and that "the artist did occasionally paint on canvas". [23] In particular, Lorusso and Natali note that Leonardo had previous painted studies on drapery on a canvas that "had almost identical features", and that Leonardo's manuscript, A Treatise on Painting , "describes in detail not only how to prepare the canvas for painting, but also how to paint on it". [21] Isbouts said that carbon dating of the canvas returned a result "consistent with a 1503-1506 execution date for the painting". [37] Lorusso and Natali indicate that the canvas was prepared with a layer of reddish-brown material, "a combination of red-brown ochre calcite and some grains of quartz", and that this was a technique used by Leonardo in other paintings to give additional warmth to the final painting. [21] Isbouts states that testing of the canvas underlying the painting "revealed a detailed underdrawing with revisions", which he asserts are indicative of an original work rather than a copy. [37]

The Mona Lisa Foundation also responded to the use of canvas in the Isleworth Mona Lisa, citing the Benois Madonna (which is generally attributed to Leonardo [101] ) as a work Leonardo painted on canvas. [102] However, author Jehane Ragai asserted that the Benois Madonna was originally painted on wood and then transferred to canvas. [102] Besides the Benois Madonna, the only other generally accepted Leonardo paintings that use canvas, the Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) and The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (The Lansdowne Madonna), [lower-alpha 4] were also transferred from wood panels. [104] It has also been noted, however, that Leonardo visited Venice in 1500, at a time when oil painting on canvas was quickly coming into vogue there, "being lighter and more manageable. Mounted on a stretcher it offered the brush a more congenial ground; being softer and more flexible, it offered textural and gestural possibilities..." [105] While in Venice, Leonardo may have been in contact with Giorgione, who was himself painting a significant work on canvas, The Judgement of Solomon , which in turn appears to be stylistically influenced by Leonardo. [106]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [ sic ] ... showed His Excellency three pictures, one of a certain Florentine lady done from life at the instance of the late Magnificent, Giuliano de' Medici". [49]
  2. ↑ "Possibly it was another portrait of which no record and no copies exist—Giuliano de' Medici surely had nothing to do with the Mona Lisa—the probability is that the secretary, overwhelmed as he must have been at the time, inadvertently dropped the Medici name in the wrong place". [49]
  3. ↑ Along with The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist
  4. ↑ The Landsdowne Madonna is usually attributed to Leonardo and a student of his. [103]

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La Belle Ferronnière is a portrait of a lady, usually attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre. It is also known as Portrait of an Unknown Woman. The painting's title, applied as early as the seventeenth century, identifying the sitter as the wife or daughter of an ironmonger, was said to be discreetly alluding to a reputed mistress of Francis I of France, married to a certain Le Ferron. Later she was identified as Lucretia Crivelli, a married lady-in-waiting to Duchess Beatrice of Milan, who became another of the Duke's mistresses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lisa del Giocondo</span> Italian noblewoman and subject of the Mona Lisa (1479–1542)

Lisa del Giocondo was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. Her name was given to the Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the Italian Renaissance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marco d'Oggiono</span> Italian painter (c.1470-c.1540)

Marco d'Oggiono was an Italian Renaissance painter and a chief pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, many of whose works he copied.

Speculations about <i>Mona Lisa</i> Theories regarding the da Vinci painting

The 16th-century portrait Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda, painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo da Vinci, has been the subject of a considerable deal of speculation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salaì</span> Italian artist (1480–1524)

Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno, better known as Salaì was an Italian artist and pupil of Leonardo da Vinci from 1490 to 1518. Salaì entered Leonardo's household at the age of ten. He created paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì. He was described as one of Leonardo's students and lifelong companion and servant and was the model for Leonardo's St. John the Baptist,Bacchus and Angelo incarnato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugh Blaker</span> British art dealer, writer and painter (1873-1936)

Hugh Blaker (1873–1936) was an English artist, collector, connoisseur, dealer in Old Masters, museum curator, writer on art, and a supporter and promoter of modern British and French painters.

<i>Salvator Mundi</i> (Leonardo) Painting attributed in whole or part to Leonardo da Vinci

Salvator Mundi is a painting attributed in whole or in part to the Italian High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c. 1499–1510. Long thought to be a copy of a lost original veiled with overpainting, it was rediscovered, restored, and included in a major exhibition of Leonardo's work at the National Gallery, London, in 2011–2012. Auction house Christie's stated just after selling the work in 2017 that most leading scholars consider it to be an original work by Leonardo, but this attribution has been disputed by other leading specialists, some of whom propose that he only contributed certain elements; and others who believe that the extensive damage prevents a definitive attribution.

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable and famous works of art in the world, and also one of the most replicated and reinterpreted. Mona Lisa replicas were already being painted during Leonardo's lifetime by his own students and contemporaries. Some are claimed to be the work of Leonardo himself, and remain disputed by scholars. Prominent 20th-century artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Salvador Dalí have also produced derivative works, manipulating Mona Lisa's image to suit their own aesthetic. Replicating Renaissance masterpieces continues to be a way for aspiring artists to perfect their painting techniques and prove their skills.

John Fredrich Asmus is a research physicist who has focused his work on the use of scientific techniques in art conservation. As of 2020, he taught at the Institute for Pure and Applied Physical Science at the University of California, San Diego, where he began working in 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolfo Venturi</span> Italian art historian (1856–1941)

Adolfo Venturi was an Italian art historian. His son, Lionello Venturi, was also an art historian.

<i>Mona Lisa</i> (Prado) Copy of the Mona Lisa in Prado, Madrid

The Prado Mona Lisa is a painting by the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci and depicts the same subject and composition as Leonardo's better known Mona Lisa at the Louvre, Paris. The Prado Mona Lisa has been in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain since 1819, but was considered for decades a relatively unimportant copy. Following its restoration in 2012, however, the Prado's Mona Lisa has come to be understood as the earliest known studio copy of Leonardo's masterpiece.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giulio Cantalamessa</span> Italian painter and art critic

Giulio Cantalamessa was an Italian painter and art critic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul George Konody</span> Hungarian art critic and historian

Paul George Konody was a Hungarian-born, London-based art critic and historian, who wrote for several London newspapers, as well as writing numerous books and articles on noted artists and collections, with a focus on the Renaissance. A recognized expert on the art of the Renaissance, he was lauded for his evaluation of claims of authenticity for works from that period, correctly debunking Wilhelm von Bode's assertion that a bust of Flora was sculpted by Leonardo da Vinci. During World War I, Konody became interested in the representation of war in the arts, and directed an effort to commemorate Canadian participation in that war.

Jean-Pierre Isbouts is a professor in the Social Sciences PhD program of Fielding Graduate University in Santa Barbara, California, and an archaeologist, author, screenwriter, director, and producer of works addressing various historical periods, particularly the time period of Jesus and that of Renaissance and post-Renaissance art.

Two–<i>Mona Lisa</i> theory Theory that Leonardo da Vinci painted two versions of the Mona Lisa

The two–Mona Lisa theory is a longstanding theory proposed by various historians, art experts, and others that Leonardo da Vinci painted two versions of the Mona Lisa. Several of these experts have further concluded that examination of historical documents indicates that one version was painted several years before the second.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry F. Pulitzer</span> Austrian art dealer (1899–1979)

Dr. Henry Franz Pulitzer (1899–1979) was an Austrian-born gallery owner and "avid art collector", and connoisseur, described by one source as a "media mogul". He was the owner of the Pulitzer galleries in London and Bern, Switzerland, and of the Isleworth Mona Lisa, a painting famous for the claim passed down from its previous owners that there was evidence that it was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Pulitzer himself took up the cause of proving the claimed provenance of the painting, including writing a book in support of it, but his efforts did not lead to acceptance of the claim during his lifetime.

<i>The Mona Lisa Myth</i> 2013 American film

The Mona Lisa Myth is a multimedia project consisting of a 2013 book and a 2014 documentary film, produced in tandem by Renaissance scholar and art historian Jean-Pierre Isbouts, with physician and art collecter Christopher Heath Brown as co-author of the book and as a producer of the documentary, the latter with narration by Morgan Freeman. The book and film each examine the history of the Mona Lisa, and the longstanding theory that the Isleworth Mona Lisa is an earlier version of the same painting, also by Leonardo da Vinci.

<i>Mona Lisa</i> (Hermitage) Mid-16th century painting

Hermitage Mona Lisa is a painting on canvas, which was made by an unknown painter in the mid-16th century and is located in the Hermitage Museum of Saint Peterburg. It was transferred from the Antikvariat All-Union Association and entered the Hermitage in 1931.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Evans, Robert (15 December 2014). "'Early Mona Lisa' traced to English country home". The Guardian .
  2. 1 2 Ragai 2015, p. 162.
  3. ↑ Holland 2019
  4. ↑ Sooke 2015: "Like Eyre and Pulitzer before them, the current owners of the Isleworth painting are convinced that it is in part by Leonardo".
  5. 1 2 3 4 Paul George Konody, "Another 'Mona Lisa' Found in London?", The New York Times (15 February 1914), p. 25.
  6. 1 2 Voon, Claire (12 January 2015). "Alleged 'Early Mona Lisa' on Display for the First Time". Forbes.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eyre 1923, pp. 34–35.
  8. 1 2 Batty, David (26 September 2012). "Mona Lisa: the early years? Art world split over Leonardo da Vinci 'work'". The Guardian .
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Evans 2013.
  10. ↑ Martin, Mayo (15 December 2014). "Earlier Mona Lisa: Something to smile about". Today.
  11. 1 2 3 Kemp 2018: "The role-call of significant contemporary Leonardo specialists who openly and unequivocally supported the attribution in public was precisely zero. Alessandro Vezzosi, who spoke at the launch in Geneva, and Carlo Pedretti, the great Leonardo specialist, made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research".
  12. 1 2 3 4 Isaacson 2017 , p. 491: "Even as Leonardo was perfecting the Mona Lisa, his followers and some of his students were making copies, perhaps with an occasional helping hand from the master. Some are very good, including those known as the Verono Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa, prompting claims that they may have been painted wholly or mostly by Leonardo, though most academic experts are skeptical".
  13. 1 2 Marani 2003 , pp. 338–341: In Marini's checklist, which he describes as: "Listed here are all paintings considered autograph works of Leonardo and works attributed to other artists in which it is possible to identify Leonardo's hand" the painting does not appear.
  14. 1 2 Zöllner 2019 , pp. 210–251: In Zöllner's catalogue, that he describes as: "The following catalogue raisonné contains the cartoons and paintings by Leonardo da Vinci's own hand, a number of early copies of his lost paintings and cartoons, together with more contentious attributions, insofar as these are rationally justified" the painting does not appear.
  15. 1 2 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019: "Other copies of the Mona Lisa include the so-called Isleworth Mona Lisa, which some commentators asserted was Leonardo's first version of the famed portrait. The claim was a controversial one, with several leading Leonardo scholars flatly denying it".
  16. 1 2 Kemp 2018: "The privately funded Zurich-based Mona Lisa foundation was created in 2010 with the intent of authenticating the painting and has continuously promoted the work".
  17. ↑ Sooke 2015: "The foundation therefore concludes that Leonardo was responsible for the face and hands of the woman in the Isleworth picture, while an inferior artist must have painted the clumsy landscape in the background".
  18. 1 2 The Mona Lisa Foundation: "The purpose of the foundation is to investigate the evidence that Leonardo da Vinci painted two versions of the Mona Lisa portrait and to present the art history, scientific research and comparative studies of the earlier version of the portrait, historically referred to as the 'Isleworth Mona Lisa'".
  19. ↑ Asmus, John F. "Computer Studies of the Isleworth and Louvre Mona Lisas", in T. Russell Hsing and Andrew G. Tescher, Selected Papers on Visual Communication: Technology and Applications (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1990), pp. 652-656; reprinted from Optical Engineering, Vol. 28(7) (July 1989), pp. 800-804.
  20. ↑ Sooke 2015, noting that "Syson does not accept that scientific evidence can conclusively settle debates over the authenticity of pictures such as the Isleworth Mona Lisa".
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lorusso & Natali 2015 , p. 80: "The subject is the same, but the paintings vary considerably, making them two works in their own right and not a copy of each other".
  22. ↑ Cohen 2018: "For the last four decades, a portrait of a woman closely resembling the subject of Leonardo da Vinci's famed Mona Lisa has remained under lock and key in a Swiss vault".
  23. 1 2 Sooke 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kemp 2018: Chapter 3: Looking at Lisa
  25. ↑ Sooke 2015: "Except this woman is obviously much younger than the subject of the Louvre painting".
  26. ↑ Cohen 2018: "She also appears flanked by columns that are absent from the artist’s renowned portrait".
  27. ↑ Ragai 2015 , p. 164: "One important concern voiced by a large number of art historians and connoisseurs relating to the Isleworth Mona Lisa is that Leonardo never painted on canvas but generally painted on wood".
  28. ↑ Lorusso & Natali 2015, p. 71.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Konody 1914, p. 25.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Asmus 1990, pp. 652–656.
  31. 1 2 3 "English Picture May Be Original of 'Mona Lisa'", Detroit Free Press (15 February 1914), p. 60.
  32. 1 2 3 Scott, E. L. "Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture", Deseret News (14 February 1914), p. 25.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Not One, But Two Mona Lisas Indicate They're 'Twins'", Arizona Republic (8 January 1963), p. 11.
  34. 1 2 Sauteur, Albert (22 April 2014). "Albert Sauteur réinvente la perspective". Migros Magazine . Vol. 17. pp. 14–17.
  35. ↑ Chappelow, A. C. (1 July 1956). "The Isleworth Mona Lisa". Apollo Magazine . p. 28.
  36. ↑ Jones, Jonathan (29 November 2023). "The Isleworth Mona Lisa: have Leonardo da Vinci fans worshipped the wrong portrait for centuries?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Isbouts, Jean-Pierre; Brown, Christopher Heath (2013). The Mona Lisa Myth. pp. 86–89.
  38. ↑ "Mona Lisa – Heidelberg discovery confirms identity". University of Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  39. ↑ Delieuvin, Vincent (15 January 2008). "Télématin". Journal Télévisé. France 2 Télévision.
  40. ↑ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2005). An Age of Voyages, 1350–1600. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 26. ISBN   978-0-19-517672-8.
  41. ↑ "Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo". Musée du Louvre. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  42. 1 2 Kemp 2006 , pp. 261–262
  43. ↑ Pedretti, Carlo (1982). Leonardo, a study in chronology and style. Johnson Reprint Corporation. ISBN   978-0384452800.
  44. ↑ Vezzosi, Alessandro (2007). "The Gioconda mystery – Leonardo and the 'common vice of painters'". In Vezzosi; Schwarz; Manetti (eds.). Mona Lisa: Leonardo's hidden face. Polistampa. ISBN   9788859602583.
  45. 1 2 Asmus, John F.; Parfenov, Vadim; Elford, Jessie (28 November 2016). "Seeing double: Leonardo's Mona Lisa twin". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 48 (12): 555. doi:10.1007/s11082-016-0799-0. S2CID   125226212.
  46. ↑ Clark, Kenneth (March 1973). "Mona Lisa". The Burlington Magazine (vol 115 ed.). 115 (840): 144–151. ISSN   0007-6287. JSTOR   877242.
  47. ↑ De Beatis, Antonio (1979) [1st pub.:1517]. Hale, J.R.; Lindon, J. M. A. (eds.). The travel journal of Antonio de Beatis: Germany, Switzerland, the Low Countries, France and Italy 1517–1518. London, England: Haklyut Society.
  48. ↑ Bacci, Mina (1978) [1963]. The Great Artists: Da Vinci. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  49. 1 2 3 Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. pp. 163–64.
  50. ↑ Vasari, Giorgio (1550). Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori. Florence, Italy: Lorenzo Torrentino.
  51. ↑ Eyre 1915: 12.
  52. 1 2 Becherucci, Luisa (1969). The Complete Work of Raphael. New York: Reynal and Co., William Morrow and Company. p. 50.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Isbouts, Jean-Pierre; Heath-Brown, Christopher (2013). The Mona Lisa Myth. Santa Monica, California: Pantheon Press. ISBN   978-1492289494.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Boudin de l'Arche, Gerard (2017). A la recherche de Monna Lisa. Cannes, France: Edition de l'Omnibus. ISBN   9791095833017.
  55. ↑ Clark, Kenneth (March 1973). "Mona Lisa". Burlington Magazine. Vol. 115.
  56. ↑ Lorusso & Natali 2015.
  57. ↑ Friedenthal, Richard (1959). Leonardo da Vinci: a pictorial biography. New York: Viking Press.
  58. ↑ Kemp, Martin (1981). Leonardo: The marvelous works of nature and man. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0674524606.
  59. ↑ Bramly, Serge (1995). Leonardo: The artist and the man. London: Penguin books. ISBN   978-0140231755.
  60. ↑ Marani 2003.
  61. 1 2 Zollner, Frank (1993). "Leonardo da Vinci's portrait of Mona Lisa de Giocondo" (PDF). Gazette des Beaux-Arts. 121: 115–138. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  62. ↑ Mohen, Jean-Pierre (2006). Mona Lisa: inside the Painting. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 128. ISBN   978-0-8109-4315-5.
  63. ↑ Delieuvin, Vincent; Tallec, Olivier (2017). What's so special about Mona Lisa. Paris: Editions du musée du Louvre. ISBN   978-2-35031-564-5.
  64. ↑ Dianne Hales, Mona Lisa: A Life Discovered (2014), p. 251.
  65. ↑ Louvre Museum. "Mona Lisa". louvre.fr. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  66. ↑ Kemp, Martin; Pallanti, Giuseppe (2017). Mona Lisa: The people and the painting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198749905.
  67. ↑ Jestaz, Bertrand (1999). "Francois 1er, Salai, et les tableaux de Léonard". Revue de l'Art (in French). 76: 68–72. doi:10.3406/rvart.1999.348476.
  68. ↑ "Chard, Chaffcombe, Cudworth, etc". The National Archives . Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  69. ↑ Holland 2019: "Blaker moved the painting to his studio in Isleworth, a west London suburb after which it is now unofficially named".
  70. ↑ Hales 2017 , p. 252: "'The Mona Lisa is perfectly beautiful...' Blaker wrote to his sister Jane. 'I think there is big money in it.'"
  71. ↑ "Showing Swindlers in the World of Art Never Lack Victims", New York Herald (22 June 1919), p. 72.
  72. ↑ Eyre 1923, pp. 37–38.
  73. 1 2 Lorenzi 2012: "In 1915 his stepfather John R. Eyre, an art historian, published a book suggesting that Leonardo painted two versions of the Mona Lisa and claiming that at least the bust, the face and the hands of the Isleworth lady were a genuine work by Leonardo Da Vinci –- basically, a prequel to his famous portrait".
  74. ↑ Eyre 1915: Preface
  75. ↑ Kemp 2018: "It was Eyre who first formulated the idea that the Isleworth version preceded that in the Louvre..."
  76. 1 2 Hales 2017, p. 252.
  77. ↑ "Book Reviews", Art and Progress (October 1915), p. 472.
  78. ↑ "The Islesworth Mona Lisa Again", The New York Times (26 September 1915), p. 64.
  79. ↑ Kemp 2018: It was Eyre who first formulated the idea that the Isleworth version preceded that in the Louvre...
  80. 1 2 Hales 2017 , p. 252
  81. 1 2 Eyre 1923.
  82. 1 2 Hales 2017 , p. 252: "Most agreed that Leonardo may have painted the face and hair while another artist or artists complete the throat, hands, background. Despite these endorsements, all based on 'connoisseurship,' or subjective appraisal, Eyre and his son-in-law never succeeded in establishing the portrait as a genuine Leonardo".
  83. ↑ Kemp 2018.
  84. ↑ Pulitzer 1960.
  85. 1 2 3 Ragai 2015, p. 163.
  86. ↑ Hales 2017 , p. 253
  87. ↑ Lorenzi 2012: "But doubts about Vasari's attribution have persisted since he was known to rely on anecdotal evidence".
  88. ↑ Hales 2017, p. 253.
  89. ↑ Rosenbaum 2012.
  90. ↑ Sooke 2015: "Like Eyre and Pulitzer before them, the current owners of the Isleworth painting are convinced that it is in part by Leonardo. Yet, like Eyre and Pulitzer, they are struggling to convince leading scholars. As well as Kemp, other respected Leonardo experts including the German art historian Frank Zollner deny that there is any substance to their claims".
  91. ↑ Holland 2019.
  92. ↑ Eyre 1915.
  93. ↑ Roth, Mark (2 March 1987). "Uncovering the Mona Lisa", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, p. 1.
  94. ↑ Ragai 2015, p. 166.
  95. ↑ Soares, Atila (2013). A Jovem Mona Lisa. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Multifoco. ISBN   9788582733882.
  96. ↑ Edwards, Hilary (7 November 2013). "New Book by Fielding Faculty Member Jean-Pierre Isbouts, DLitt, Shatters the Myths of the 'Mona Lisa'". Fielding Graduate University News. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  97. ↑ Isbouts, Jean-Pierre; Heath-Brown, Christopher (2013). The Mona Lisa Myth. Santa Monica, California: Pantheon Press. ISBN   978-1492289494.
  98. ↑ The Mona Lisa Myth. IMDb. 2014.
  99. ↑ "The Mona Lisa Mystery". Secrets of the Dead . PBS. July 2014.
  100. ↑ Bambach, Carmen (2003). "Leonardo, Left-Handed Draftsman and writer". New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
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  105. ↑ Daval, Jean Luc (1985). Oil Painting from Van Eyck to Rothko, p. 29. Skira.
  106. ↑ Crowe, Joseph Archer; Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle (1871). A History of Painting in North Italy, p. 139. John Murray, London.

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