Jacqui Horswell

Last updated

Jacqueline Horswell
Jacqui Horswell.png
Born
England
Other namesJacqui Horswell
Alma materUniversity of Aberdeen
Scientific career
FieldsEnvironmental microbiology, forensic science
Institutions Institute of Environmental Science and Research
Thesis Investigation of approaches to accelerate atrazine mineralisation in soil (1997)

Jacqueline Horswell is an English-born New Zealand environmental microbiologist who specialises in research into the waste society produces, its effect on the environment, and how it can be managed. Her work focuses particularly on measuring the effect of microbial and chemical contaminants in sewage sludge and the safe reuse of biosolids as fertilizer by the planting of native trees to filter and inactivate pollutants from the sludge and the use of vermiculture. Horswell is involved in consultation with communities in New Zealand and has contributed to official guidelines for the management of biosolids. Her research has also provided information about soil microbial communities for forensic science using microbial cultures and DNA sequencing. Since 2018, Horswell has been a lecturer at Massey University.

Contents

Education

Horswell completed an undergraduate biology degree at the University of Bath and PhD in microbiology at the University of Aberdeen in 1997. Her PhD thesis was titled Investigation of approaches to accelerate atrazine mineralisation in soil. [1]

Career

Horswell moved to New Zealand in 1997 and took up a position as Scientist, Environmental Health Effects, at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR). [2] In 2008 she took over the biowaste programme at ESR, which later set up and ran the virtual Centre for Integrated Bio Waste Research (CIBR), a collaboration between ESR, Scion, Landcare Research and the Cawthron Institute, to study options for safely and sustainably reusing biodegradable waste. [3] With Horswell as its first programme leader, CIBR was officially launched in 2013 with the purpose of researching how to deal with organic waste, "to make sure, that when it goes on land, this is done safely and does not impact the environment". [4] : p.67  In July 2018 Horswell left ESR, and her role as Programme Manager for CIBR to become a Senior Lecturer in Water and Waste in the school of Health Sciences at Massey University, Wellington. [3] [5]

Early research

Before coming to New Zealand, Horswell worked with Professor Graeme Paton at the University of Aberdeen on biosensor technology involving organisms that can determine whether toxic material is present in soil and identify when sites may have been contaminated by industry or agriculture and when they have been cleaned up. Specifically used in the research was the soil bacterium Rhizobium which because it was sensitive to heavy metals in the soil, could indicate on a biosensor light whether or not the soil was healthy. She applied this knowledge early in her time with ESR, in particular determining the impact of heavy metals in sewage sludge on microbes in the soil. [4] : p.66 

In 2000 Horswell was commissioned to do a report for the New Zealand Ministry of Health, Ministry for the Environment and Industry on the bioavailability of organic forms of arsenic to plants, and ultimately people in the soil-plant-human route, as a result of its use in the treatment of timber. The report which was a review of the literature, concluded that because salts of copper, chromium and arsenic have been used in New Zealand on the preservation of wood, "treatment sites can become highly contaminated with these metals, especially arsenate". [6]

Managing biosolids in the environment

The possible re-use of biosolids as fertilizer has been a key area of study for Horswell and in 2008, she recommended research priorities to the 2008 Annual Conference of the New Zealand Land Treatment Collective. Some of the key recommendations for potential projects included: "Environmental fate of biosolids and effluent-borne pathogens in sewage treatment systems...[monitoring]...source control of nutrients i.e. washing powder etc...[determining the]...effect of emerging contaminants such as endocrine inhibitors and pharmaceuticals on the environment. [7]

A 2009 study, in which Horswell was involved, investigated the degree that sludge-born pathogen organisms survive and are transported in soils and affect surrounding water. The paper noted the importance of sewage treatment and disposal in protecting a community from pathogens and that while sewage sludge is a valuable resource with plant nutrients that can be directly applied to land as fertilizer, and pathogen numbers are reduced during sludge processing, it is unlikely that they can be completely eliminated, and need to be controlled via "guidelines and regulations that set criteria for levels of pathogens, which are protective of the environment and human health." [8]

In 2017, Horswell participated in research looking at the possible use of biosolids to reforest areas where the soil had been degraded. The thesis was that because many New Zealand native plant species thrive in low-fertility soils, they may respond well to biosolids which would, in turn, improve the soil microbial activity. The report concluded that after adding biosolids to the soil, all the NZ-native species showed either improved growth or an increase in nutrient status, but cautioned that further testing was required to investigate the possible long-term effects of this. [9]

Horswell co-authored a research report that evaluated the evidence that blending biosolids with organic materials could reduce the environmental impact on the soils and concluded that while it is not always a viable solution, "combining biosolids with other organic wastes to rehabilitate degraded land remains a potentially practicable and sustainable management of these resources." [10]

Planting of native trees

Horswell participated in research led by ESR scientist Jennifer Prosser in 2014 that explored the possibilities of growing plants with antiseptic properties in soils contaminated with waste, mitigating the release of microbial contaminants into the environment. After studying two myrtaceous plants, Leptospermum scoparium, and (Kunzea robusta), in this context, the researchers concluded that there was evidence that such plant species "may help reduce microbial contaminants in land-applied organic wastes." [11] Reflecting later on the research, Horswell commented: "Discovering that mānuka’s antimicrobial properties could help with water pollution was an exciting moment. Mānuka seems to actively do something beyond just sieving out the pathogens, so if we were to plant it (or kānuka) along our waterways, as they used to do, we might see an improvement in the health of our rivers and lakes." [4] : p.66 

Following the release by the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment of Our Fresh Water 2017, [12] which had concerns about the runoff of wastes into waterways, the work by Horswell and other scientists from ESR was acknowledged for providing information that would potentially enable the filtering nitrates and deactivation of pollutants to improve water quality. [13]

In 2017 when a polluted New Zealand lake in Te Kauwhata became part of a collaborative manuka-planting research initiative to help restore the water quality, the project was tested in a laboratory by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR). Horswell said it was the first time this resource had come from the laboratory to the land and it was a step toward the restoration of the lake that had involved the whole community and research students from the USA. [14] [15]

Vermicomposting

Horswell has been involved in studies to evaluate the effectiveness of vermicomposting in reducing pathogens in biosolids while still retaining beneficial nutrients and organic carbon. One study, focused on a small rural settlement in New Zealand, had the aims of examining the biological and chemical property change over the time of vermicomposting, identifying useful indicators of timing compost maturity and the determination of whether vermicomposting could produce a high value, pathogen-free product for small communities interested in recycling or reusing their waste. The study concluded that "vermicomposting has the potential to transform septic tank waste into high-value compost as it is effective in stabilizing nutrients and reducing pathogens." [16] Another research paper co-authored by Horswell in 2017, noted in the Abstract: "Biosolids can be a valuable fertilizer for agriculture and in ecological restoration, although there are concerns about contaminants. Earthworm activity, including vermicomposting of biosolids, may influence the efficacy of their use." [17]

Wetlands treatment systems

In 2015 Horswell noted that CIBR and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), had begun collaborating with the community and the Gisborne District Council to review the effectiveness of the Biological Trickling Filter (BTF) that had been in use in the area since 2011. They also investigated the potential for a wetlands treatment system, using native plant species, as an alternative method of disposal of the treated effluent and biosolids. [18] : p.1  In the same publication Staci Boyte explained that the eventual aim of the project was to eliminate the discharge of human effluent to the sea, but stressed the possibility of a "wetland treatment system and sludge drying beds to treat and re-use the waste, eliminating the discharge of waste to the sea and potentially provide a useful soil conditioner." [18] : p.3  The Gisborne Herald reported in December 2015, that good progress was being made with the trial and the next stage would be using algal ponds to determine if the system could be used to treat the wastewater after it had been through the Biological Trickling Filter BTF plant. [19]

Engaging with communities

Engaging with communities has driven much of the research for developing frameworks for the management of biowastes, and in 2016 Horswell co-authored a Community Engagement Framework for Biowastes to assist waste producers and councils to effectively consult with their communities about the discharge of biowastes to land in New Zealand. In this framework, biowastes are defined as "solid and liquid organic biodegradable waste, including biosolids, organic industrial waste, agricultural waste, kitchen/food waste, green waste, sewage effluent and greywater." The report noted that to get shared understandings and buy-in from stakeholders, social, cultural and economic factors all needed to be considered so that there was alignment between community values and the technicalities of the process. [20] : p.1  Some of the key guidelines for successful engagement included careful planning and scheduling, getting a good representation of stakeholders, in particular, inviting local Iwi representatives to become involved and ensure that there is "warm hosting and sharing of food." [20] : p.11 

Cultural views of Maori about the management of biowastes were published in a paper in March 2016. Horswell was part of the team that wrote this document to provide insight into how the traditional constructs of tapu and noa could be considered in biowaste management, in particular for biosolids. The purpose of the document was to "support local government staff and engineers in better understanding and incorporating Maori worldviews into biowaste management negotiations and solutions." [21] In 2017, Horswell led another collaborative three-year project with councils that aimed to develop a collective biosolids strategy and use the programme in the lower North Island. The paper, co-authored by Horswell, did not see landfilling of biosolids as a viable long-term option and determined that the best approach was to identify the scale of the problem, explore opportunities to work together and assess feasible scenarios that could inform the implementation of an effective strategy. The aim was that this would provide a "basis for sustainable biosolids management in other regions of New Zealand, national guidelines and policy directions." [22] The project was reviewed in 2020 and concluded it had shown that biosolids can be beneficially reused through collective management, noting that the keys to success are for Regional Councils to streamline consenting and the building of "positive relationships between Iwi and Council, and maintaining an understanding around wider issues occurring within the region that may have an influence on local Iwi's current perspectives." [23] Horswell was one of the reviewers.

Forensic science

Horswell's research has had implications for forensic science. In 2002, she contributed to an investigation that showed a soil microbial community DNA profile could be determined from a small sample of soil off shoes or clothing, and could potentially be used as "associative evidence to prove a link between suspects and crime scenes." [24] New Zealand journalist Kim Griggs, writing in the Guardian, explained that once the DNA from the bacteria in the soil is extracted, a biological photocopier could be used by forensic scientists to make copies of the DNA of the 16S rRNA gene and look for matching samples at a given site, with the aim of solving crimes using an understanding of soil and the bugs within it as a new "fingerprint". [25] As a result of this research, The University of Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Facility, which studies what happens to human bodies after they die, worked with ESR on studying the bacteria that the body produces as it decomposes, hypothesizing that certain bugs - either from the decomposing body or those already in the soil - will create a bacteria timeline to estimate the time of death. [25] Horswell also led research that investigated using biosensors to detect chemicals or inorganic poisons in urine and this received international praise because it could help forensic laboratories speedily determine whether or not poison was a cause of death. [26] The preliminary findings were published in 2006, with the Abstract noting: "This study demonstrates that biosensor bioassays could be a useful preliminary screening tool in forensic toxicology." [27] In 2012 Horswell was asked about the feasibility of DNA sequencing of microbial soil DNA to point to locations in forensic work. She said that a study had shown there was a 90% chance of matching microbes in soil on a shoe and those in the shoe print, and although it was more complicated, it was possible to "profile the dirt on a spade and or in the boot of a suspect's car and determine where to dig to find the body that had been buried." [28]

Awards

In 2004 Horswell's presentation Development of bacterial biosensors to detect poisons and drugs in toxicological samples was a certificate winner for the Best Overall Oral Presentation at the Symposium of the Australia and New Zealand Forensic Science Society. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compost</span> Mixture used to improve soil fertility

Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil and reduce soil-borne diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sewage sludge</span> Semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment

Sewage sludge is the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater. The term "septage" also refers to sludge from simple wastewater treatment but is connected to simple on-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermicompost</span> Product of the composting process using various species of worms

Vermicompost (vermi-compost) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. This process is called vermicomposting, with the rearing of worms for this purpose is called vermiculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biochemical oxygen demand</span> Oxygen needed to remove organics from water

Biochemical oxygen demand is an analytical parameter representing the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic water pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Composting toilet</span> Type of toilet that treats human excreta by a biological process called composting

A composting toilet is a type of dry toilet that treats human waste by a biological process called composting. This process leads to the decomposition of organic matter and turns human waste into compost-like material. Composting is carried out by microorganisms under controlled aerobic conditions. Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are therefore called "dry toilets".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biosolids</span>

Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer. In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community began also to use sewage sludge from local wastewater treatment plants. Scientific research over many years has confirmed that these biosolids contain similar nutrients to those in animal manures. Biosolids that are used as fertilizer in farming are usually treated to help to prevent disease-causing pathogens from spreading to the public. Some sewage sludge can not qualify as biosolids due to persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals, radionuclides, and heavy metals at levels sufficient to contaminate soil and water when applied to land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milorganite</span> Brand of biosolids fertilizer produced by treating sewage sludge

Milorganite is a brand of biosolids fertilizer produced by treating sewage sludge by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. The term is a portmanteau of the term Milwaukee Organic Nitrogen. The sewer system of the District collects municipal wastewater from the Milwaukee metropolitan area. After settling, wastewater is treated with microbes to break down organic matter at the Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The byproduct sewage sludge is produced. This is heat-dried with hot air in the range of 900–1,200 °F (482–649 °C), which heats the sewage sludge to at least 176 °F (80 °C) to kill pathogens. The material is then pelletized and marketed throughout the United States under the name Milorganite. The result is recycling of the nitrogen and phosphorus from the waste-stream as fertilizer. The treated wastewater is discharged to Lake Michigan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic fertilizer</span> Fertilizer developed from natural processes

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are naturally produced. Fertilizers are materials that can be added to soil or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic fertilizers include all animal waste including meat processing waste, manure, slurry, and guano; plus plant based fertilizers such as compost; and biosolids. Inorganic "organic fertilizers" include minerals and ash. The organic-mess refers to the Principles of Organic Agriculture, which determines whether a fertilizer can be used for commercial organic agriculture, not whether the fertilizer consists of organic compounds.

Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of organic materials, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy sources by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganisms. One example is the industrial production of cortisone, which one step is the bioconversion of progesterone to 11-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans. Another example is the bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, which is part of scientific research for many decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sewage sludge treatment</span> Processes to manage and dispose of sludge during sewage treatment

Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment. Sludge treatment is focused on reducing sludge weight and volume to reduce transportation and disposal costs, and on reducing potential health risks of disposal options. Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction, while pathogen destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic digestion, composting, or incineration. The choice of a sludge treatment method depends on the volume of sludge generated, and comparison of treatment costs required for available disposal options. Air-drying and composting may be attractive to rural communities, while limited land availability may make aerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering preferable for cities, and economies of scale may encourage energy recovery alternatives in metropolitan areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digestate</span> Material remaining after the anaerobic digestion of a biodegradable feedstock

Digestate is the material remaining after the anaerobic digestion of a biodegradable feedstock. Anaerobic digestion produces two main products: digestate and biogas. Digestate is produced both by acidogenesis and methanogenesis and each has different characteristics. These characteristics stem from the original feedstock source as well as the processes themselves.

Aerobic digestion is a process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use. More recently, technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other organic waste, such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste. It is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen. Bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide, water and a range of lower molecular weight organic compounds. As there is no new supply of organic material from sewage, the activated sludge biota begin to die and are used as food by saprotrophic bacteria. This stage of the process is known as endogenous respiration and it is process that reduces the solid concentration in the sludge.

Indicator organisms are used as a proxy to monitor conditions in a particular environment, ecosystem, area, habitat, or consumer product. Certain bacteria, fungi and helminth eggs are being used for various purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sewage treatment</span> Process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater

Sewage treatment is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from decentralized systems to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes and pump stations which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a combined sewer, the sewers will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Institute of Environmental Science and Research</span> New Zealand Crown Research Institute

The Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute (CRI). Its purpose is to deliver scientific and research services to the public health, food safety, security and justice systems, and the environmental sector to improve the safety of, and contribute to the economic, environmental and social well-being of people and communities in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agricultural pollution</span> Type of pollution caused by agriculture

Agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from point source water pollution to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as non-point source pollution and air pollution. Once in the environment these pollutants can have both direct effects in surrounding ecosystems, i.e. killing local wildlife or contaminating drinking water, and downstream effects such as dead zones caused by agricultural runoff is concentrated in large water bodies.

Organic hydroponics is a hydroponics culture system based on organic agriculture concepts that does not use synthetic inputs such as fertilizers or pesticides. In organic hydroponics, nutrient solutions are derived from plant and animal material or naturally mined substances. Most studies on the topic have focused on the use of organic fertilizer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermal hydrolysis</span>

Thermal hydrolysis is a process used for treating industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sewage sludge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lystek</span>

Lystek International is a Canadian waste treatment technology company founded in 2000 at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada to commercialize treatment technologies for biosolids and other non-hazardous, organic waste materials. Lystek is headquartered in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada and is owned by its management and R.W. Tomlinson Ltd.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reuse of human excreta</span> Safe, beneficial use of human excreta mainly in agriculture (after treatment)

Reuse of human excreta is the safe, beneficial use of treated human excreta after applying suitable treatment steps and risk management approaches that are customized for the intended reuse application. Beneficial uses of the treated excreta may focus on using the plant-available nutrients that are contained in the treated excreta. They may also make use of the organic matter and energy contained in the excreta. To a lesser extent, reuse of the excreta's water content might also take place, although this is better known as water reclamation from municipal wastewater. The intended reuse applications for the nutrient content may include: soil conditioner or fertilizer in agriculture or horticultural activities. Other reuse applications, which focus more on the organic matter content of the excreta, include use as a fuel source or as an energy source in the form of biogas.

References

  1. ↑ University of Aberdeen (1997). Investigation of approaches to accelerate atrazine mineralisation in soil (Thesis by Jacqeline Horswell). EThOS e-theses online service (Ph.D). Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "Putting sludge under the microscope". Stuff. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Jacqui Horswell leaves ESR" (PDF). Putting Waste to Work. Centre for Integrated Biowaste Research (19): 5–6. 19 November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 25 Years of ESR: Delivering science services for New Zealanders 1992–2017 (PDF). Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited. 2018. pp. 66–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2022.
  5. ↑ News and Events (16 April 2019). "Sri Lankan Delegation from Colombo Municipal Council to Massey". Massey University Te Kunenga ki Purehuroa. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. Jacqui Horswell, Massey's School of Health Sciences presented her recent research
  6. ↑ Horswell, Jacqui (2000). Literature review of the Bioavailability of Arsenic (Report for the Ministry of Health, Ministry for the Environment and Industry). ESR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Alt URL
  7. ↑ Horswell, Jacqui; et al. (2008). "Research priorities in the field of land application" (PDF). New Zealand Land Treatment Collective: Proceedings for the 2008 Annual Conference. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Horswell, J.; et al. (2009). "Mobility and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and human adenovirus from spiked sewage sludge applied to soil columns". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 108 (1): 104–114. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04416.x. PMID   19583795. S2CID   24344712. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Alt URL
  9. ↑ Gutierrez-Gines, Maria Jesus; et al. (30 June 2017). "Potential Use of Biosolids to Reforest Degraded Areas with New Zealand Native Vegetation" (Technical Reports: Waste Management). Journal of Environmental Quality. 46 (4): 906–914. doi:10.2134/jeq2017.04.0139. hdl: 10261/153866 . PMID   28783793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  10. ↑ Paramashivam, Dharini; et al. (18 May 2017). "Potential Environmental Benefits from Blending Biosolids with Other Organic Amendments before Application to Land" (Reviews and Analyses). Journal of Environmental Quality. 46 (3): 481–489. doi: 10.2134/jeq2016.10.0421 . PMID   28724106. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  11. ↑ Prosser, J.A.; et al. (31 December 2015). "The potential in-situ antimicrobial ability of Myrtaceae plant species on pathogens in soil". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 96: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.007. Archived from the original (Short communication) on 25 May 2021. Alt URL
  12. ↑ Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (April 2017). "Our fresh water 2017 DATA TO 2016" (New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our fresh water). New Zealand's Environmental Reporting Series. ISSN   2382-0179. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  13. ↑ "Leaves of trees for the healing of nations". Kauri Park Nurseries. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  14. ↑ Wallace, Caitlin (20 June 2017). "Ground-breaking science set to help Te Kauwhata lake restoration". Stuff. Waikato Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "Using New Zealand native vegetation to improve water quality". ESR Science for Communities. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ESR hypothesizes that restoring native vegetation where mānuka and kānuka are included in the margins of waterways, would reduce the amount of nutrients, sediments and pathogens that arrive from farming lands. In the same way, plantations of mānuka and kānuka could be used to safely land-treat biowastes such as municipal wastewater or biosolids.
  16. ↑ Van Schaik, Andrew; et al. (2016). "The Suitability of Using Vermicomposting for the Stabilization of Septic Tank Waste" (PDF). Bioremediation & Biodegradation. 7 (5). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Kim, Young-Nam; et al. (January 2017). "Impacts of Endemic Earthworms (Megascolecidae) in Biosolids-Amended Soil". Journal of Environmental Quality. 46 (1): 177–184. doi:10.2134/jeq2016.06.0207. PMID   28177399. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
  18. 1 2 Horswell, Jacqui; Esperschuetz, Juergen; Robinson, Brett; Boyte, Staci; et al. (2015). "Putting waste to work". Centre for Integrated Biowaste Research. No. 10. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Local news (1 December 2015). "Significant progress made in wetlands trial". The Gisborne Herald. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  20. 1 2 Baker, Virginia; Ataria, James; et al. (February 2016). "The CIBR/LEI Community Engagement Framework for Biowastes" (PDF). CIBR Publication Number: 16-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2022.
  21. ↑ Ataria, James; et al. (March 2016). From Tapu to Noa - Maori cultural views on biowastes management: a focus on biosolids (PDF). Centre for Integrated Biowaste Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2017.
  22. ↑ Horswell, Jacqui; et al. (2017). "Small Community Collective Biosolids Strategy - Lower North Island" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Prosser, Jennifer (January 2020). Lowe Environmental Impact Limited (2020). Part A: A strategy for the collective management of biosolids. Regional Biosolids Strategy: Lower North Island, New Zealand (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022.
  24. ↑ Horswell, Jacqui; et al. (March 2002). "Forensic comparison of soils by bacterial community DNA profiling". Forensic Science. 47 (2): 350–353. PMID   11911110. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
  25. 1 2 Griggs, Kim (26 May 2005). "Digging the dirt on criminals". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "World first poison test wins praise for NZ scientists". NZ Herald. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  27. ↑ Renshaw, Natalie; et al. (2 February 2007). "A preliminary investigation into the use of biosensors to screen stomach contents for selected poisons and drugs". Forensic Science International. 172 (2–3): 106–111. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.012. PMID   17276023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021.
  28. ↑ "Microbes in soil could help fight crime". Science Media Centre. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  29. ↑ "2004 Symposium certificate winners". The Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society. Archived from the original (Jacqui Horswell, ESR New Zealand, "Development of bacterial biosensors to detect poisons and drugs in toxicological samples") on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
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