Related Research Articles
An oligopoly is a market in which control over an industry lies in the hands of a few large sellers who own a dominant share of the market. Oligopolistic markets have homogenous products,few market participants,and inelastic demand for the products in those industries. As a result of their significant market power,firms in oligopolistic markets can influence prices through manipulating the supply function. Firms in an oligopoly are also mutually interdependent,as any action by one firm is expected to affect other firms in the market and evoke a reaction or consequential action. As a result,firms in oligopolistic markets often resort to collusion as means of maximising profits.
Comparative advantage in an economic model is the advantage over others in producing a particular good. A good can be produced at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price,i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade. Comparative advantage describes the economic reality of the work gains from trade for individuals,firms,or nations,which arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress.
In economics,internationalization or internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets,although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but also for countries that addresses the sustainability of its development in different manufacturing as well as service sectors especially in higher education which is a very important context that needs internationalization to bridge the gap between different cultures and countries. There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities.
A market anomaly in a financial market is predictability that seems to be inconsistent with theories of asset prices. Standard theories include the capital asset pricing model and the Fama-French Three Factor Model,but a lack of agreement among academics about the proper theory leads many to refer to anomalies without a reference to a benchmark theory. Indeed,many academics simply refer to anomalies as "return predictors",avoiding the problem of defining a benchmark theory.
Sanford "Sandy" Jay Grossman is an American economist and hedge fund manager specializing in quantitative finance. Grossman’s research has spanned the analysis of information in securities markets,corporate structure,property rights,and optimal dynamic risk management. He has published widely in leading economic and business journals,including American Economic Review,Journal of Econometrics,Econometrica,and Journal of Finance. His research in macroeconomics,finance,and risk management has earned numerous awards. Grossman is currently Chairman and CEO of QFS Asset Management,an affiliate of which he founded in 1988. QFS Asset Management shut down its sole remaining hedge fund in January 2014.
International business refers to the trade of Goods and service goods,services,technology,capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale.
The gravity model of international trade in international economics is a model that,in its traditional form,predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes and distance between two units. Research shows that there is "overwhelming evidence that trade tends to fall with distance."
Mark Casson is a British economist and academic. He is a professor of economics at the University of Reading in England. He held the position of Head of Department from 1987until 1994 and is the institution's current Director of the Centre for Institutional Performance.
Microfoundations are an effort to understand macroeconomic phenomena in terms of economic agents' behaviors and their interactions. Research in microfoundations explores the link between macroeconomic and microeconomic principles in order to explore the aggregate relationships in macroeconomic models.
The eclectic paradigm,also known as the OLI Model or OLI Framework,is a theory in economics. It is a further development of the internalization theory and published by John H. Dunning in 1979. Modern Trade Theory incorporates this paradigm using the Grossman-Hart-Moore Theory of the firm
The home market effect is a hypothesized concentration of certain industries in large markets. The home market effect became part of New Trade Theory. Through trade theory,the home market effect is derived from models with returns to scale and transportation costs. When it is cheaper for an industry to operate in a single country because of returns to scale,an industry will base itself in the country where most of its products are consumed in order to minimize transportation costs. The home market effect implies a link between market size and exports that is not accounted for in trade models based solely on comparative advantage.
International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade,its origins,and its welfare implications. International trade policy has been highly controversial since the 18th century. International trade theory and economics itself have developed as means to evaluate the effects of trade policies.
Rajneesh Narula,is an economist and academic. He is Professor of International Business Regulation and Director of the John H. Dunning Center for International Business at Henley Business School,University of Reading in Reading,UK.
Internalization theory is a branch of economics that is used to analyse international business behaviour. Internalization theory focuses on imperfections in intermediate product markets. Two main kinds of intermediate product are distinguished:knowledge flows linking research and development (R&D) to production,and flows of components and raw materials from an upstream production facility to a downstream one. Most applications of the theory focus on knowledge flow. Proprietary knowledge is easier to appropriate when intellectual property rights such as patents and trademarks are weak. Even with strong protections firms protect their knowledge through secrecy. Instead of licensing their knowledge to independent local producers,firms exploit it themselves in their own production facilities. In effect,they internalise the market in knowledge within the firm. The theory claims the internalization leads to larger,more multinational enterprises,because knowledge is a public good. Development of a new technology is concentrated within the firm and the knowledge then transferred to other facilities.
Thierry Mayer is a French economist and Professor of Economics at Sciences Po. He belongs to the most frequently-cited economists in the field of international trade. In 2006,Mayer and Etienne Wasmer were awarded the Best Young Economist of France Award by Cercle des économistes and Le Monde.
Gianmarco Ireo Paolo Ottaviano is an Italian economist and Professor of Economics at Bocconi University.
Elizabeth Asiedu is a professor of economics at the University of Kansas. She has facilitated research that is centered around foreign aid,foreign directed investment (FDI),and gender. She is a founder of the Association for the Advancement of African Women (AAAWE),as well as the current president of the organization. Asiedu is an editor of the Journal of African Development.
Robert Christopher Feenstra is an American economist,academic and author. He is the C. Bryan Cameron Distinguished Chair in International Economics at University of California,Davis. He served as the director of the International Trade and Investment Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1992 to 2016. He also served as Associate Dean in the Social Sciences at the University of California,Davis from 2014 to 2019.
Robert E. Lipsey was an American economist associated with National Bureau of Economic Research and Queens College,City University of New York. He is known for his contributions to the U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes.
John Vernon Henderson is a Canadian-American economist and an academic. He is a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Centre,Director of the Urbanisation in Developing Countries Program,and a School Professor of Economic Geography at the London School of Economics.
References
- 1 2 "James R. Markusen | IDEAS/RePEc".
- 1 2 "James Markusen". scholar.google.com.
- 1 2 "Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade | WorldCat.org".
- ↑ "Registered Author: James R. Markusen". econpapers.repec.org.
- ↑ "Prof. James R. Markusen". www.cesifo.org.
- ↑ "James MARKUSEN | Distinguished Professor | PhD | University of Colorado Boulder, CO | CUB | Department of Economics | Research profile".
- ↑ "James R. Markusen". NBER.
- ↑ Ethier, Wilfred J.; Markusen, James R. (August 1, 1996). "Multinational firms, technology diffusion and trade". Journal of International Economics. 41 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1016/0022-1996(95)01411-X .
- ↑ Horstmann, Ignatius J.; Markusen, James R.; Robles, Jack (May 11, 2005). "Issue Linking in Trade Negotiations: Ricardo Revisited or No Pain No Gain*". Review of International Economics. 13 (2): 185–204. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00498.x. S2CID 153613588 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Venables, Anthony J. (November 1, 2007). "Interacting factor endowments and trade costs: A multi-country, multi-good approach to trade theory". Journal of International Economics. 73 (2): 333–354. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.03.005 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (January 1, 2013). "Expansion of trade at the extensive margin: A general gains-from-trade result and illustrative examples". Journal of International Economics. 89 (1): 262–270. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.04.007. S2CID 43451168 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ "International Trade Puzzles: A Solution Linking Production and Preferences".
- 1 2 Markusen, James R. (May 1, 1984). "Multinationals, multi-plant economies, and the gains from trade". Journal of International Economics. 16 (3): 205–226. doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(84)80001-X. S2CID 154605235 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (June 11, 1995). "The Boundaries of Multinational Enterprises and the Theory of International Trade". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (2): 169–189. doi: 10.1257/jep.9.2.169 .
- ↑ Carr, David L.; Markusen, James R.; Maskus, Keith E. (2001). "Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise". The American Economic Review. 91 (3): 693–708. doi:10.1257/aer.91.3.693. JSTOR 2677888 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Maskus, Keith E. (November 11, 2002). "Discriminating Among Alternative Theories of the Multinational Enterprise". Review of International Economics. 10 (4): 694–707. doi:10.1111/1467-9396.00359 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Horstmann, Ignatius; Markusen, James R. (1987). "Licensing versus Direct Investment: A Model of Internalization by the Multinational Enterprise". The Canadian Journal of Economics. 20 (3): 464–481. doi:10.2307/135389. JSTOR 135389. S2CID 154797843 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Horstmann, Ignatius J.; Markusen, James R. (1996). "Exploring New Markets: Direct Investment, Contractual Relations and the Multinational Enterprise". International Economic Review. 37 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/2527243. JSTOR 2527243. S2CID 154523399 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Kokko, A. (March 1, 2004). "Markusen, J. R.: Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade". Journal of Economics. 81 (3): 284–287. doi:10.1007/s00712-003-0035-9. S2CID 154576645 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (September 11, 1998). Braunerhjelm, Pontus; Ekholm, Karolina (eds.). The Geography of Multinational Firms. Springer US. pp. 9–32. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5675-6_2 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (September 11, 1992). "The Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: A Common Analytical Framework". Direct Foreign Investment In Asia's Developing Economies And Structural Change In The Asia-pacific Region. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429033650. ISBN 9780429033650. S2CID 166732727.
- ↑ "Search results". National Library Board.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (November 1, 1981). "Trade and the gains from trade with imperfect competition". Journal of International Economics. 11 (4): 531–551. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(81)90033-7. S2CID 153743899 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (February 1, 1975). "International externalities and optimal tax structures". Journal of International Economics. 5 (1): 15–29. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(75)90025-2. S2CID 154568583 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (May 1, 1983). "Factor movements and commodity trade as complements". Journal of International Economics. 14 (3): 341–356. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(83)90009-0. S2CID 153657723 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Horstmann, Ignatius J.; Markusen, James R. (May 1, 1986). "Up the average cost curve: Inefficient entry and the new protectionism". Journal of International Economics. 20 (3): 225–247. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(86)90020-6. S2CID 155026483 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Venables, Anthony J. (December 1, 1998). "Multinational firms and the new trade theory". Journal of International Economics. 46 (2): 183–203. doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00052-4. S2CID 73708447 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Venables, Anthony J. (December 1, 2000). "The theory of endowment, intra-industry and multi-national trade". Journal of International Economics. 52 (2): 209–234. doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(99)00055-0. S2CID 154329448 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Ganslandt, Mattias; Markusen, James R. (June 11, 2001). "Standards and Related Regulations in International Trade: A Modeling Approach". Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w8346. S2CID 56097762 – via National Bureau of Economic Research.
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (December 1, 2005). "Modeling the Offshoring of White-Collar Services: From Comparative Advantage to the New Theories of Trade and FDI". SSRN 875703 – via Social Science Research Network.
- ↑ Balistreri, Edward J.; Markusen, James R. (January 1, 2009). "Sub-national differentiation and the role of the firm in optimal international pricing". Economic Modelling. 26 (1): 47–62. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2008.05.004. S2CID 30075268 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Morey, Edward R.; Olewiler, Nancy (April 11, 1992). "Noncooperative Equilibria in Regional Environmental Policies When Plant Locations are Endogenous". Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w4051. S2CID 153638442 – via National Bureau of Economic Research.
- ↑ Markusen, James R.; Morey, Edward R.; Olewiler, Nancy (January 1, 1995). "Competition in regional environmental policies when plant locations are endogenous". Journal of Public Economics. 56 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1016/0047-2727(94)01419-O – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Lopez-de-Silane, Florencio; Markusen, James R.; Rutherford, Thomas F. (October 11, 1993). "Anti-Competitive and Rent-Shifting Aspects of Domestic-Content Provisions in Regional Trade Blocks". Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w4512. S2CID 153072333 – via National Bureau of Economic Research.
- ↑ Markusen, Jim (April 11, 2004). "Regional Integration and Third-Country Inward Investment". Business and Politics. 6 (1): 1–24. doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1082 – via Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Ekholm, Karolina; Forslid, Rikard; Markusen, James R. (June 1, 2007). "Export-Platform Foreign Direct Investment". Journal of the European Economic Association. 5 (4): 776–795. doi:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.4.776 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "Regional Specialization: From the Geography of Industries to the Geography of Jobs" (PDF).
- ↑ Markusen, James R. (1990). "Micro-Foundations of External Economies". The Canadian Journal of Economics. 23 (3): 495–508. doi:10.2307/135644. JSTOR 135644 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Malchow-Møller, Nikolaj; Markusen, James R.; Schjerning, Bertel (2013). "Foreign Firms, Domestic Wages". The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 115 (2): 292–325. doi:10.1111/sjoe.12001. JSTOR 43673629. S2CID 260448806 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ "Bhagwati Award Winners – 2000–2020 – The Bhagwati and Calvo Awards – Journal of International Economics – Journal – Elsevier". www.journals.elsevier.com.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
