Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development,economic growth and structural change but also on improving the potential for the mass of the population,for example,through health,education and workplace conditions,whether through public or private channels.
In economics,internationalization or internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets,although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but also for countries that addresses the sustainability of its development in different manufacturing as well as service sectors especially in higher education which is a very important context that needs internationalization to bridge the gap between different cultures and countries. There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities.
Organizational theory refers to a series of interrelated concepts that involve the sociological study of the structures and operations of formal social organizations. Organizational theory also seeks to explain how interrelated units of organization either connect or do not connect with each other. Organizational theory also concerns understanding how groups of individuals behave,which may differ from the behavior of an individual. The behavior organizational theory often focuses on is goal-directed. Organizational theory covers both intra-organizational and inter-organizational fields of study.
James Bradford "Brad" DeLong is an American economic historian who has been a professor of economics at the University of California,Berkeley since 1993.
International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries,including trade,investment and transaction.
The gravity model of international trade in international economics is a model that,in its traditional form,predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes and distance between two units. Research shows that there is "overwhelming evidence that trade tends to fall with distance."
An economy is an area of the production,distribution and trade,as well as consumption of goods and services. In general,it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices,discourses,and material expressions associated with the production,use,and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture,values,education,technological evolution,history,social organization,political structure,legal systems,and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context,content,and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words,the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone.
In economics,gains from trade are the net benefits to economic agents from being allowed an increase in voluntary trading with each other. In technical terms,they are the increase of consumer surplus plus producer surplus from lower tariffs or otherwise liberalizing trade.
Civil service reform is a deliberate action to improve the efficiency,effectiveness,professionalism,representativity and democratic character of a civil service,with a view to promoting better delivery of public goods and services,with increased accountability. Such actions can include data gathering and analysis,organizational restructuring,improving human resource management and training,enhancing pay and benefits while assuring sustainability under overall fiscal constraints,and strengthening measures for performance management,public participation,transparency,and combating corruption.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:
Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. Historically,a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today,bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution,whether publicly owned or privately owned. The public administration in many jurisdictions is an example of bureaucracy,as is any centralized hierarchical structure of an institution,including corporations,societies,nonprofit organisations,and clubs.
Why Nations Fail:The Origins of Power,Prosperity,and Poverty,first published in 2012,is a book by economists Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson,who jointly received the 2024 Nobel Economics Prize for their contribution in comparative studies of prosperity between nations. The book applies insights from institutional economics,development economics,and economic history to understand why nations develop differently,with some succeeding in the accumulation of power and prosperity and others failing,according to a wide range of historical case studies.
Giovanni Peri is an Italian-born American economist who is Professor and Chair of the Department of Economics at the University of California,Davis,where he directs the Global Migration Center. He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the co-editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of the European Economic Association. He is known for his research on the economic impact of immigration to the United States. He has also researched the economic determinants of international migrations and the Economic impact of immigration in several European Countries. He has challenged and broadened the work of George Borjas,which has argued that immigration has negative economic effects on low educated US workers.
Thierry Mayer is a French economist and Professor of Economics at Sciences Po. He belongs to the most frequently-cited economists in the field of international trade. In 2006,Mayer and Etienne Wasmer were awarded the Best Young Economist of France Award by Cercle des économistes and Le Monde.
Gianmarco Ireo Paolo Ottaviano is an Italian economist and Professor of Economics at Bocconi University.
Matilde Bombardini is an Italian economist,who is a professor of Economics of International Trade at the Vancouver School of Economics at the University of British Columbia (UBC),Vancouver. She is a fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) in the Institutions,Organisations &Growth Program since June 2007 and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) for the Political Economy Program since April 2009.
Ufuk Akcigit is a Turkish economist. In 2020 he was named the Arnold C. Harberger Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago,the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics. His research concentrates on economic growth and development,and uses an interdisciplinary approach blending micro and macro economic concepts to examine the intersection of policy and innovation.
Donald R. Davis is an American economist. He is the Ragnar Nurkse Professor of Economics at Columbia University.
James R. Markusen is an American economist,academic,and author. He is Distinguished Professor (emeritus) at the University of Colorado,Boulder.
Jacques-François Thisse is a Belgian economist,author,and academic. Thisse is Professor Emeritus of Economics and Regional Science at the Catholic University of Louvain and at the École des Ponts ParisTech. Thisse’s work is related to location theory and its applications to various economic fields in which the heterogeneity of agents matters. This includes industrial organisation,urban and spatial economics,local public finance,international trade,and voting. He has published more than 200 papers in scientific journals,including Econometrica,American Economic Review,Review of Economic Studies,Journal of Political Economy,and Operations Research.
