Jammed finger

Last updated
Jammed Finger
Jammed ring finger day 2.jpg
Jammed ring finger with minor bruising two days after injury
Symptoms Swelling, pain, limited range of motion
TypesSprain, dislocation, fracture
CausesAxial loading to the finger
Diagnostic method Physical Examination and X-rays
TreatmentDependent on injury severity

Jammed finger is a common term used to describe various types of finger joint injuries. It happens from a forceful impact originating at the tip of the finger directed towards the base. This type of directional force is called axial loading. It occurs most often when the finger is fully extended. This kind of impact can stretch or strain the ligaments in the joint beyond their normal limits. The severity of damage to the finger increases with the amount of force on the fingertip. [1] In severe cases, injury to bone may occur. When experiencing a jammed finger, the extent of injury is not always obvious and one should be evaluated by a medical professional. [2] Toes may become jammed as well, with similar results.

Contents

Signs and symptoms

There are a variety of possible signs indicating a jammed finger. These depend on the severity of the injury. [3] They may include swelling, reduced joint flexibility, pain, tenderness, and joint deformity. [1] There may also be discoloration of the skin due to bruising. These symptoms usually persist for a few weeks. [3] In some cases, the damage and its effects can last for years. [4] Initial signs of a dislocation include abnormal bumps or projections at the joint. There may also be an audible popping noise when the injury occurs. [5] Fractures are indicated by abnormal protrusions along the bone, [6] where the bone itself appears split or twisted.

Causes

Axial loading of an object, commonly causing a jammed finger Jammed Finger Mechanism of Injury.jpg
Axial loading of an object, commonly causing a jammed finger

Jammed fingers occur from axial loading at the tip of the finger. [7] Any activity in which the fingers are outstretched could result in a jammed finger. This is particularly common in ball-related sports, [8] where forceful contact with the ball and finger tip may occur. Contact sports are also a common risk factor due to collisions between players or the ground. [7]

Diagnosis

A jammed finger can generally be diagnosed by a physical examination. Bone or joint deformity may indicate potential dislocations or fractures. [6] The basic structure of the finger includes three bones with joints in between each. [9] The joint closest to the tip is the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. The next joint, moving closer to the hand, is the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. The thumb differs by only having two bones and one interphalangeal joint. [10]

The injured finger may be examined to determine where the pain is worst. [3] If the finger is sprained or dislocated, pain will be worse at the joint rather than the bone. [3] Due to the risk of dislocations or fractures, X-rays should be conducted prior to testing joint stability. This allows for prior detection of a dislocation or fracture. [3] It is recommended that a variety of views (lateral, oblique, and anteroposterior) are observed. [3] In extremely painful cases, a digital nerve block may be done to better assess the finger. This is where anesthetic is injected to either side of the base of the affected finger to reduce pain. [3]

Joints of the finger DIP, PIP and MCP joints of hand.jpg
Joints of the finger

Types & Severity of Injury

A jammed finger can be split into three categories; a sprain, a dislocation, or a fracture.

Sprains

Sprains are characterized by swelling of the joint, reduced range of motion, and pain. [5] A finger sprain involves damage to the ligaments attached to the affected joint. [11] Most often these include collateral ligaments. These are ligaments on the lateral and medial side of the finger joint. It is more common to injure both at the same. [7] Sprains may be assessed with maneuvers that stretch the joint in various directions to determine ligament stability. [2]

Sprains can be split into sub-categories in order of increasing severity: first, second, and third degree. [1] All three types will produce pain that is highest at the affected joint. [7] First degree sprains involve a stretching of the ligament, without a tear. [1] Since no tear is present, the stability of the joint remains in tact and it would not feel loose. [7] Second degree sprains involve a partial tear of the ligament. [1] This would allow for increased freedom and mobility of the joint beyond its normal limits up to a certain point. [7] A third degree sprain involves a complete tear of the ligament. [1] In which case, the joint is no longer stabilized by the ligament and can move with ease. [7] A lump may also be present at the joint in third degree sprains. [2] Third degree sprains commonly result in a dislocation of the finger. [1]

Injuries that force the finger towards the back of the hand may cause damage to the volar plate. [12] This is a ligament on the palm side of the hand that prevents hyperextension. [13] Volar plate damage may be assessed by pressing the finger bones from the back towards the palm. If either individual bone of the affected joint moves freely towards the palm, it is indicative of a tear. [2] Tears of the volar plate may lead to an avulsion fracture – when a piece of bone is pulled off with the ligament. [13] This is due to the thickness and strength of the ligament. [14] To rule out an avulsion fracture, x-rays are frequently utilized in evaluation of suspected volar plate tears. [12] Volar plate avulsions are most evident on lateral views. [2]

Dislocations

Finger bones and joints Bones of index finger svg hariadhi.svg
Finger bones and joints

DIP dislocations are much less common than PIP dislocations. [3] This is thought to be due to the increased stability of the DIP joint, [15] though not for certain. [2] Dislocations can be categorized based on the direction that the fingertip moves in relation to the knuckle. [6] If in the direction of the palm, it is a volar dislocation. If in the direction of the back of the hand, it is a dorsal dislocation. [6] If in the direction to either side, it is a lateral dislocation. [2] Of the three, dorsal dislocations are most common. [6] Dorsal dislocations of the PIP commonly lead to volar plate damage. [2]

Dislocations are often visually obvious due to joint deformity. [2] Therefore, x-rays may or may not be utilized in the diagnosis of a suspected dislocation. Though, they can provide feedback on post-reduction status if attempted prior to formal medical evaluation. [2] Dislocations may also be complicated by a tandem fracture. [5] These cases may necessitate a visit to a hand surgeon for surgery. [2]

DIP dislocations may also involve a complete tear of the extensor digitorum tendon. [16] This tendon is part of a muscle that straightens the tip of the finger. [9] If left untreated, this may lead to permanent inability to straighten the finger at the affected DIP joint. [16] This particular type of injury is known asmallet finger. It too, is commonly associated with an avulsion fracture. [17] It is a variation of a jammed finger, where the extensor tendons on the back of the finger are damaged. [18] Mallet finger occurs in similar situations as a jammed finger. The tendon that extends the tip of the finger is torn due to trauma causing it to flex beyond normal range. [17] It is characterized by a difficulty extending the finger or opening the hand. [19] Symptoms common to jammed fingers are likely, though a painless mallet finger is not uncommon. [2]

Fractures

Fractures are instances where the bone's structural integrity has been compromised. [20] If a jammed finger produces a fracture, pain will be greatest at the bone as opposed to the joint. [2] There may also be visual deformation of the bone itself. [6] As with any skeletal injury, an x-ray can be conducted to verify the presence of a fracture. [1] The distal phalanx is especially vulnerable to avulsion fractures. [1] These avulsion fractures are common following a first time dislocation of the DIP. [1]

Treatment

Treatment of jammed fingers depends upon the type and severity of injury as well as stability. [2]

Sprains

Care for sprains involves restricting digit mobility using a splint. [7] The splint should be used for no more than three weeks or else there is risk of decreased joint range of motion. [7] The splint should be worn at all times. [2] The skin under the splint should be carefully observed during the duration of its use. This is done to monitor for possible skin damage or allergy to splinting materials. [21] When removing the splint to assess the skin underneath, it is important that the finger remains in the splinted position. [3] If no splints are easily available, buddy taping can be done. [1] This is where the affected digit is taped to an adjacent finger to provide support. [7] The limiting of motion helps to reduce ligament stress which is important in the early stages of healing. [1] If the sprain occurs during a sporting event and seems mild, this method may allow the player to resume activity. [7] Formal medical follow up is still recommended following completion of play. [5] If swelling persists, anti-inflammatory medications may be utilized. [1] Third degree sprains may require surgery if x-rays show poor joint structure or if laxity is present at rest. [7]

Dislocations

DIP Dislocation Finger luxation D2 DIP.png
DIP Dislocation

Dislocations are treated differently depending on the type. [4] Regardless, closed reduction is the usual first step. [6] This is where the joint is realigned without the need for surgery. For a dorsal dislocation, the fingertip is pulled while applying palmar pressure to the distal bone and dorsal pressure to the proximal bone. [22] Following reduction, movement of the joint should be tolerable. [6] Repeat X-rays are standard to confirm proper joint setting. [22] Next, the finger is splinted while slightly bent to prevent over-extension of the joint. [6] If hyperextending the joint is too painful or causes the skin to turn pale, the finger should be splinted straight. [3] Dorsal PIP and DIP dislocations should be splinted for 2-3 weeks. [22] Limited movement of the finger is recommended soon after injury to limit loss of range of motion. [3]

PIP Dislocation Finger luxation D3 PIP l.png
PIP Dislocation

For volar dislocation reduction, the finger should be slightly bent at the PIP joint to help relax the tendons. [23] With the palm of the hand facing down, the fingertip is pulled while applying upward pressure to the bone distal to the affected joint. [6] After reduction, tendons may be tested by having the patient flex and extend the finger. [23] Due to swelling and pain, a full range of motion is unlikely. If no active flexion or extension can be done, there is a high possibility of tendon rupture. [3] Similar to dorsal dislocations, repeat X-rays should be done to confirm successful reduction. [22] Unlike dorsal dislocations, the joint is regularly splinted at full extension. [6] If no avulsion fracture is present, the splint should be in place for six weeks. [22] An extra four to six weeks of splinting should be done during sporting activities. [16] If there is an avulsion fracture, open reduction and internal fixation may be required. This is when the bone is put back into place via surgery. [16]

Lateral dislocations often require open reduction, though closed reduction can be attempted. [24] Closed reduction is attempted with the wrist extended and finger flexed at the base. The dislocated bone is then pushed back towards the joint. After reduction, X-rays are used to assess joint stability and a straight splint is placed for 2-3 weeks. [22] If closed reduction is initially difficult, it may be necessary to numb the joint to relax it and the individual. Open reduction may also be required in rare cases of dorsal and volar dislocations. [6] If post-reduction X-rays of the dislocation show misalignment of the joint or bone, a fracture may be present. Such cases may also require surgery. [3]

Fractures

Fractures involve the breaking of the bone. If a fracture is not treated properly, the bone may experience malunion — improper healing. [20] This may result in post-traumatic arthritis. [25] Additional surgery may need to be conducted to properly treat a malunion. [20] As with a dislocation, closed reduction is attempted before open reduction. [19] The finger is then splinted to prevent further injury to the digit as it heals. Splint material and type varies depending on the reduction conducted. [26] Splint-assisted healing is most dependent on patient compliance. [19] Splinting for less than the recommended duration may lead to less effective healing and loss of function. [16]

Following any necessary wrapping, splinting, and reduction, a rehabilitation period may be necessary. This can include stretching and strengthening programs to regain function. [1] Range of motion exercises can help prevent long-term stiffness in the affected digit. [16] Methods to reduce joint swelling may decrease the time taken to regain full range of motion. [3] Examples of such techniques include massage and compressive wraps. [3] An increased amount of swelling during the rehabilitation period is concerning. It may be a sign of an undiagnosed fracture or an overly aggressive rehab program. [3]

Prognosis

A jammed finger is usually cause for medical attention. Regardless of whether a dislocation or fracture is evident. [26] Improperly treated injuries can cause lasting pain, stiffness, and other issues. [2] The risk for arthritis is also increased if fractures are not addressed. [26] Regular monitoring is recommended for proper healing and regain of function. [7] Proper care and compliance with treatment increases the chances of full recovery. [4]

Prevention

The unpredictable nature of a jammed finger makes it difficult to prevent. Yet, it is possible to reduce risk in ball-related sports. Learning proper handling and catching techniques can help. [8] Following an injury, the affected finger can be taped during high-risk activities to help prevent recurrence. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

A sprain is a soft tissue injury of the ligaments within a joint, often caused by a sudden movement abruptly forcing the joint to exceed its functional range of motion. Ligaments are tough, inelastic fibers made of collagen that connect two or more bones to form a joint and are important for joint stability and proprioception, which is the body's sense of limb position and movement. Sprains may be mild, moderate, or severe, with the latter two classes involving some degree of tearing of the ligament. Sprains can occur at any joint but most commonly occur in the ankle, knee, or wrist. An equivalent injury to a muscle or tendon is known as a strain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Splint (medicine)</span> Medical restraint to keep body part in place

A splint is defined as "a rigid or flexible device that maintains in position a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place and protect an injured part" or as "a rigid or flexible material used to protect, immobilize, or restrict motion in a part". Splints can be used for injuries that are not severe enough to immobilize the entire injured structure of the body. For instance, a splint can be used for certain fractures, soft tissue sprains, tendon injuries, or injuries awaiting orthopedic treatment. A splint may be static, not allowing motion, or dynamic, allowing controlled motion. Splints can also be used to relieve pain in damaged joints. Splints are quick and easy to apply and do not require a plastering technique. Splints are often made out of some kind of flexible material and a firm pole-like structure for stability. They often buckle or Velcro together.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint dislocation</span> Medical injury

A joint dislocation, also called luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones meet. A partial dislocation is referred to as a subluxation. Dislocations are commonly caused by sudden trauma to the joint like during a car accident or fall. A joint dislocation can damage the surrounding ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. Dislocations can occur in any major joint or minor joint. The most common joint dislocation is a shoulder dislocation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Distal radius fracture</span> Fracture of the radius bone near the wrist

A distal radius fracture, also known as wrist fracture, is a break of the part of the radius bone which is close to the wrist. Symptoms include pain, bruising, and rapid-onset swelling. The ulna bone may also be broken.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smith's fracture</span> Medical condition

A Smith's fracture, is a fracture of the distal radius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avulsion fracture</span> Tearing away of a bone by physical trauma

An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma. This can occur at the ligament by the application of forces external to the body or at the tendon by a muscular contraction that is stronger than the forces holding the bone together. Generally muscular avulsion is prevented by the neurological limitations placed on muscle contractions. Highly trained athletes can overcome this neurological inhibition of strength and produce a much greater force output capable of breaking or avulsing a bone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ankle fracture</span> Medical condition

An ankle fracture is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, and an inability to walk on the injured leg. Complications may include an associated high ankle sprain, compartment syndrome, stiffness, malunion, and post-traumatic arthritis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mallet finger</span> Type of fracture

A mallet finger, also known as hammer finger or PLF finger or Hannan finger, is an extensor tendon injury at the farthest away finger joint. This results in the inability to extend the finger tip without pushing it. There is generally pain and bruising at the back side of the farthest away finger joint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galeazzi fracture</span> Medical condition

The Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It classically involves an isolated fracture of the junction of the distal third and middle third of the radius with associated subluxation or dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint; the injury disrupts the forearm axis joint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorsal interossei of the hand</span> Muscles between the metacarpals

In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles in the back of the hand that act to abduct (spread) the index, middle, and ring fingers away from the hand's midline and assist in flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the index, middle and ring fingers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interphalangeal joints of the hand</span> Hinge joints between finger phalanges

The interphalangeal joints of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the fingers that provide flexion towards the palm of the hand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangular fibrocartilage</span> Anatomical feature in the wrist

The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is formed by the triangular fibrocartilage discus (TFC), the radioulnar ligaments (RULs) and the ulnocarpal ligaments (UCLs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulnar collateral ligament injury of the thumb</span> Medical condition

Gamekeeper's thumb is a type of injury to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb. The UCL may be merely stretched, or it may be torn from its insertion site into the proximal phalanx of the thumb. This condition is commonly observed among gamekeepers and Scottish fowl hunters, as well as athletes. It also occurs among people who sustain a fall onto an outstretched hand while holding a rod, frequently skiers grasping ski poles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bennett's fracture</span> Bone fracture at the base of the thumb

Bennett fracture is a type of partial broken finger involving the base of the thumb, and extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmar plate</span>

In the human hand, palmar or volar plates are found in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints, where they reinforce the joint capsules, enhance joint stability, and limit hyperextension. The plates of the MCP and IP joints are structurally and functionally similar, except that in the MCP joints they are interconnected by a deep transverse ligament. In the MCP joints, they also indirectly provide stability to the longitudinal palmar arches of the hand. The volar plate of the thumb MCP joint has a transverse longitudinal rectangular shape, shorter than those in the fingers.

The hand is a very complex organ with multiple joints, different types of ligament, tendons and nerves. Hand disease injuries are common in society and can result from excessive use, degenerative disorders or trauma.

Jersey finger, also known as rugby finger, is a finger-related tendon injury that is common in sport and can result in permanent loss of flexion of the end of the finger if not surgically repaired. The injury is common when one player grabs another's jersey with the tips of one or more fingers while that player is pulling or running away. It is the most common closed flexor tendon injury and occurs in the ring finger in 75% of cases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles</span>

Orthopedic surgery is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal injuries, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, bone tumours, and congenital limb deformities. Trauma surgery and traumatology is a sub-specialty dealing with the operative management of fractures, major trauma and the multiply-injured patient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broken finger</span> Medical condition

A broken finger or finger fracture is a common type of bone fracture, affecting a finger. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity and reduced ability to move the finger. Although most finger fractures are easy to treat, failing to deal with a fracture appropriately may result in long-term pain and disability.

Acquired hand deformity refers to the structural or functional abnormalities that develop in the hand. There are multiple varying causes of acquired hand deformity, triggering significant consequences and complications. Trauma, including blunt force, penetrating injuries, burns, and sports-related incidents, is a primary cause of acquired hand deformities. Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus can also contribute to hand deformities by affecting the joints. Degenerative arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis, functions to evoke impaired hand function due to the gradual deterioration of cartilage. Neurological disorders like cerebral palsy can result in hand contractures due to increased muscle tone and stiffness. There are different types of acquired hand deformities, each with distinct characteristics and underlying causes, such as boutonnière deformity, Dupuytren's contracture, gamekeeper's thumb, hand osteoarthritis deformity, mallet finger, swan-neck deformity, ulnar claw hand, among many others.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Dolan, Michael. "Jammed finger injuries range from simple jams to dislocation, fractures". West Tennessee Bone and Joint. Archived from the original on January 23, 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Carruthers, Katherine H.; Skie, Martin; Jain, Margaret (September 2016). "Jam Injuries of the Finger: Diagnosis and Management of Injuries to the Interphalangeal Joints Across Multiple Sports and Levels of Experience". Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 8 (5): 469–478. doi:10.1177/1941738116658643. ISSN   1941-7381. PMC   5010131 . PMID   27421747.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Bach, Allan (19 June 2015). "Finger Joint Injuries in Active Patients". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 27 (3): 89–104. doi:10.3810/psm.1999.03.740. PMID   20086705 – via Taylor & Francis.
  4. 1 2 3 Childress, Marc A.; Olivas, Jairo; Crutchfield, Anna (2022-06-01). "Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations". American Family Physician. 105 (6): 631–639. ISSN   1532-0650. PMID   35704814.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Miller, Mark; Thompson, Stephen (2020). DeLee Drez & Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (5th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1677–1687. ISBN   978-0-323-54473-3.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 McDevitt, Edward; Roberts, William (19 June 2015). "On-Site Treatment of PIP Joint Dislocations". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 26 (8): 85–86. doi:10.3810/psm.1998.08.1606. PMID   20086847 – via Taylor & Francis.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Achar, Suraj; Taylor, Kenneth (2020). The 5-Minute Sports Medicine Consult (3rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health (published March 25, 2019). ISBN   978-1-4963-9693-8.
  8. 1 2 "Staying in the Game: Preventing Common Hand and Wrist Injuries in Basketball". New England Baptist Hospital. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  9. 1 2 Arias, Daniel G.; Black, Asa C.; Varacallo, Matthew A. (2025), "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Bones", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31613464 , retrieved 2025-01-20
  10. ↑ "Hand and Wrist Anatomy | Arthritis Foundation". www.arthritis.org. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  11. ↑ Lapegue, Franck; André, Aymeric; Lafourcade, François; Filliole, Antoine; Lambeaux, Constance; Van, Viet-Tam; Adamski, Elorie; Bachour, Rafy; Goumarre, Céline; Chiavassa, Hélène; Faruch Bilfeld, Marie; Sans, Nicolas (December 2024). "Finger Sprains, Ultrasound Anatomy, and Pathology of Finger Ligaments". Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. 28 (06): 694–707. doi:10.1055/s-0044-1791732. ISSN   1089-7860.
  12. 1 2 "Volar plate injury | The British Society for Surgery of the Hand". www.bssh.ac.uk. Retrieved 2025-01-20.
  13. 1 2 "Volar Plate Injuries". www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved 2025-01-20.
  14. ↑ McCoy, Jordan S.; Nelson, Ryan (2025), "Avulsion Fractures", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   32644594 , retrieved 2025-01-20
  15. ↑ Stern, Peter; Kastrup, John (May 1988). "Complications and prognosis of treatment of mallet finger". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 13 (3): 329–334. doi:10.1016/S0363-5023(88)80002-9. PMID   3379263 – via Elsevier.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coel, Rachel (July 2010). "Hand Injuries in Young Athletes". International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. 15 (4): 42–45.
  17. 1 2 Yee, Jessica; Waseem, Muhammad (2025), "Mallet Finger Injuries", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   29083648 , retrieved 2025-01-21
  18. ↑ Jarvinen, Tero; Jarvinen, Teppo; Kaariainen, Minna; Aarimaa, Ville; Vaittinen, Samuli; Kalimo, Hannu; Jarvinen, Markku (2007). "Muscle injuries: optimising recovery". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 21 (2): 317–331. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.12.004. PMID   17512485 – via Elsevier.
  19. 1 2 3 Cheung, Jason; Fung, Boris; Ip, Wing (2012). "Review On Mallet Finger Treatment". Hand Surgery. 17 (3): 439–447. doi:10.1142/S0218810412300033. PMID   23061962 – via World Scientific.
  20. 1 2 3 Sheen, Jonathon R.; Mabrouk, Ahmed; Garla, Vishnu V. (2025), "Fracture Healing Overview", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31869142 , retrieved 2025-01-22
  21. ↑ Ghobadi, Fereydoon; Anapolle, David (March 1994). "Irreducible Distal Interphalangeal Joint Dislocation of the Finger: A New Cause". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 19 (2): 196–198. doi:10.1016/0363-5023(94)90004-3. PMID   8201179 – via Elsevier.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Taqi, Muhammad; Collins, Amie (2025), "Finger Dislocation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31855352 , retrieved 2025-01-22
  23. 1 2 "Nonoperative treatment for Dislocation and fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint". site name. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
  24. ↑ "Phalanx Dislocations - Hand - Orthobullets". www.orthobullets.com. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
  25. ↑ "How to Tell if Your Finger Is Broken or Sprained". The Orthopedic Clinic. 2018-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  26. 1 2 3 Kazmers, Nikolas (January 31, 2017). "Should I Worry About a Jammed Finger". University of Utah Health. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.