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The Indo-Aryan languages, also known as the Indic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Bangladesh, North India, Eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal. Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Africa, Polynesia and Australia, along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeastern Europe. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages.
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The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Punjabi are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage. Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.
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References
- ↑ "District wise population report of Punjab and other provinces according to census 2017".
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Jatki". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Jhangi". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Shahpuri". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Dhani". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ Wagha 1990 , p. 6
- ↑ Elfenbein 1990, p. 74.
- ↑ Wagha 1990, p. 7.
- ↑ Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2020has an entry Jakati [jat] which is said be to spoken by 29,300 people in Ukraine. The alternative names, which include 'Jat', the classification of the language as Indo-Aryan, and a note indicating 'nomadic' suggests that the denotation is an itinerant population with roots on the Indian subcontinent, i.e., 'Gypsy' in loose terminology. 29,300 is a plausible number of Gypsies, or Roma, in Ukraine related to the Roma in countries to the west, but these Roma speak and identify as a variety of Vlax [rmy] (Aleksej P. Barannikov 1934: 24-44, Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov 2014).
- ↑ Delforooz 2008.
- ↑ Abdul Haq 1967 , p. 128; (in the latter it is anglicised as Jagdalli.)
- ↑ Wagha 1990, p. 6.
- ↑ Delforooz 2008, p. 25.
- ↑ Rahman, Tariq (2004). Language and Education: Selected Documents, 1780-2003. Chair on Quaid-i-Azam & Freedom Movement National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 461. ISBN 978-969-8329-08-2.