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The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Bangladesh, North India, Eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal. Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Africa, Polynesia and Australia, along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeastern Europe. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages.
Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.
Saraiki is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people in central Pakistan, especially the areas of South Punjab, Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Northern Sindh and Eastern Balochistan and the cultural region of Derajat. It was previously known as Multani, after its main dialect.
The Sindhi languages or Sindhic include Sindhi and its dialects as well as Indo-Aryan languages closely related to it.
Jhangvi, also known as Jhangli, Jangli or Jhangochi, is a dialect of Punjabi, that is spoken in central regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Its name is derived from Jhang, its main city. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal to Jhang District at either end of Ravi and Chenab. It is also spoken in Chinot, Okara, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Hafizabad, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakpattan, Bahawalnagar and Faislabad.
The Bar Region, or the Bars (Punjabi: بار; Punjabi pronunciation:[bɑːɽ]), also known as Jatka Waseb, is an area in Punjab, now part of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The area consists of agricultural land that was cleared in the nineteenth century for the then 'new' canal irrigation system that the British were developing at the time. The soil of the Bar Region is fertile. The plains of fertile land have been created by the stream deposits driven by the many rivers flowing from the Himalayas. The nomadic tribes who originally inhabited the Bar spoke Jatki, a dialect of Western Punjabi, and the same dialect is still spoken throughout the Bar region today.
Lahnda, also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage" or as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.
Inku is an Indo-Aryan language spoken, at least historically, throughout Afghanistan by four of the country's itinerant communities: the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz and the Vangawala. Itinerant communities in Afghanistan, whether Inku-speaking or not, are locally known as "Jats", a term which is not a self-designation of the groups but rather a collective, often pejorative name given by outsiders. The reference work Ethnologue has an entry for what could be this language, but under the name Jakati, but that entry is at least partly erroneous.
Khetrānī, or Khetranki, is an Indo-Aryan language of north-eastern Balochistan. It is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans, an ethnolinguistic tribe that occupies a hilly tract in the Sulaiman Mountains comprising the whole of Barkhan District as well as small parts of neighbouring Kohlu District to the south-west, and Musakhel District to the north. Alternative names for the language attested at the start of the 20th century are Barāzai and Jāfaraki.
The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Punjabi are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage. Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.
The Balochs of Punjab are a community of Saraiki and Punjabi-speaking tribes of either full or partial Baloch descent settled in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The majority of which live in southern Punjab, including Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur, which adjoin the province of Balochistan. Numerous of which no longer speak Balochi and instead speak Punjabi, Saraiki and Sindhi.
Pakistan is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country. The major Pakistani ethnolinguistic groups include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Hindkowans/Hazarewals, Brahuis, and Kohistanis with significant numbers of Shina, Baltis, Kashmiris, Paharis, Chitralis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis, Uzbeks, Nuristanis, Pamiris and various other smaller minorities.
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The Saraiki diaspora refers to the dispersing of ethnic Punjabi from Punjab's Saraiki speaking to other parts of the world.
Thaḷī is a Western Punjabi dialect spoken in parts of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is classified by some linguists as a northern dialect of Saraiki, although it has also been described as transitional between Multani and Shahpuri Punjabi. Its name derives from the Thal Desert.
Shahpuri is a dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in the Sargodha Division of Punjab, Pakistan. Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District.
Dhani or Dhanni is a dialect of the Punjabi language, spoken in the southern region of the Pothohar Plateau in Pakistani Punjab, specifically in the districts of Attock, Chakwal, and Talagang. Its name is derived from Dhan valley where its spoken. It has many sub-dialects including Sohāī̃, spoken west of the Soan River, in the tehsils of Fateh Jang and Pindi Gheb in Attock District.
Ancient Indian scripts have been used in the history of the Indian subcontinent as writing systems. The Indian subcontinent consists of various separate linguistic communities, each of which share a common language and culture. The people of the ancient India wrote in many scripts which largely have common roots.
The Jaḍgāl is an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group which speaks the Jadgali language. Jadgals are present in the Balochistan region of Iran and Pakistan, as well as in Oman.
The Sindhis of Balochistan are an indigenous Sindhi population living in Balochistan, Pakistan.
References
- ↑ "District wise population report of Punjab and other provinces according to census 2017".
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Jatki". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Jhangi". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Shahpuri". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Dhani". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ Wagha 1990 , p. 6
- ↑ Elfenbein 1990, p. 74.
- ↑ Wagha 1990, p. 7.
- ↑ Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2020has an entry Jakati [jat] which is said be to spoken by 29,300 people in Ukraine. The alternative names, which include 'Jat', the classification of the language as Indo-Aryan, and a note indicating 'nomadic' suggests that the denotation is an itinerant population with roots on the Indian subcontinent, i.e., 'Gypsy' in loose terminology. 29,300 is a plausible number of Gypsies, or Roma, in Ukraine related to the Roma in countries to the west, but these Roma speak and identify as a variety of Vlax [rmy] (Aleksej P. Barannikov 1934: 24-44, Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov 2014).
- ↑ Delforooz 2008.
- ↑ Abdul Haq 1967 , p. 128; (in the latter it is anglicised as Jagdalli.)
- ↑ Wagha 1990, p. 6.
- ↑ Delforooz 2008, p. 25.
- ↑ Rahman, Tariq (2004). Language and Education: Selected Documents, 1780-2003. Chair on Quaid-i-Azam & Freedom Movement National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 461. ISBN 978-969-8329-08-2.