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Cecil Calvert,2nd Baron Baltimore was an English peer,politician,and lawyer who was the first proprietor of Maryland. Born in Kent,England in 1605,he inherited the proprietorship of overseas colonies in Avalon (Newfoundland),along with Maryland after the 1632 death of his father,George Calvert,1st Baron Baltimore (1580-1632),for whom it had been originally intended in a vast land grant from King Charles I. Young Calvert proceeded to establish and manage the Province of Maryland as a proprietary colony for English Catholics from his English country house of Kiplin Hall in North Yorkshire.
Baron Baltimore,of Baltimore,County Longford,was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1625 and ended in 1771,upon the death of its sixth-generation male heir,aged 40. Holders of the title were usually known as Lord Baltimore for short.
The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland,the Colony of Virginia,the Province of Carolina,and the Province of Georgia. In 1763,the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain until the Spanish Empire took back Florida. These colonies were the historical core of what would become the Southern United States,or "Dixie". They were located south of the Middle Colonies,albeit Virginia and Maryland were also called the Chesapeake Colonies.
The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America from 1634 until 1776,when the province was one of the Thirteen Colonies that joined in supporting the American Revolution against Great Britain. In 1781,Maryland was the 13th signatory to the Articles of Confederation. The province's first settlement and capital was in St. Mary's City,located at the southern end of St. Mary's County,a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay bordered by four tidal rivers.
William Claiborne also,spelled Cleyburne was an English pioneer,surveyor,and an early settler in the colonies/provinces of Virginia and Maryland and around the Chesapeake Bay. Claiborne became a wealthy merchant and planter,as well as a major political figure in the mid-Atlantic colonies,and the founder of one of the First Families of Virginia. He featured in disputes between the colonists of Virginia and the later settling of Maryland,partly because of his earlier trading post on Kent Island in the mid-way of the Chesapeake Bay,which provoked the first naval military battles in North American waters. Claiborne repeatedly attempted and failed to regain Kent Island from the Maryland Calverts,sometimes by force of arms,after its inclusion in the lands that were granted by a 1632 Royal Charter to the Calvert family. Kent Island had become Maryland territory after the surrounding lands were granted to Sir George Calvert,first Baron and Lord Baltimore (1579–1632) by the reigning King of England,Charles I.
Charles Calvert,3rd Baron Baltimore was an English peer and colonial administrator. He inherited the province of Maryland in 1675 upon the death of his father,Cecil Calvert,2nd Baron Baltimore. He had been his father's Deputy Governor since 1661 when he arrived in the colony at the age of 24. However,Charles left Maryland for England in 1684 and would never return. The events following the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688 would cost Calvert his title to Maryland;in 1689 the royal charter to the colony was withdrawn,leading to direct rule by the British Crown. Calvert's political problems were largely caused by his Roman Catholic faith which was at odds with the established Church of England.
Benedict Leonard Calvert,4th Baron Baltimore was an English peer and politician. He was the second son of Charles Calvert,3rd Baron Baltimore (1637–1715) by Jane Lowe,and became his father's heir upon the death of his elder brother Cecil in 1681. The 3rd Lord Baltimore was a devout Roman Catholic,and had lost his title to the Province of Maryland shortly after the events of the Glorious Revolution in 1688,when the Protestant monarchs William III and Mary II acceded to the British throne. Benedict Calvert made strenuous attempts to have his family's title to Maryland restored by renouncing Roman Catholicism and joining the Church of England.
Charles Calvert,5th Baron Baltimore,was a British nobleman and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. He inherited the title to Maryland aged just fifteen,on the death of his father and grandfather,when the colony was restored by the British monarchy to the Calvert family's control,following its seizure in 1688. In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed personal control of Maryland,travelling there briefly in 1732. For most of his life,he remained in England,where he pursued an active career in politics,rising to become Lord of the Admiralty from 1742 to 1744. He died in 1751 in England,aged 52.
Leonard Calvert was the first proprietary governor of the Province of Maryland. He was the second son of The 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632),the first proprietor of Maryland. His elder brother Cecil (1605–1675),who inherited the colony and the title upon the death of their father George,April 15,1632,appointed Leonard as governor of the Colony in his absence.
Margaret Brent,was an English immigrant to the Colony of Maryland,settled in its new capitol,St. Mary's City,Maryland. She was the first woman in the English North American colonies to appear before a court of the common law. She was a significant founding settler in the early histories of the colonies of Maryland and Virginia. Leonard Calvert,Governor of the Maryland Colony,appointed her as the executrix of his estate in 1647,at a time of political turmoil and risk to the future of the settlement. She helped ensure soldiers were paid and given food to keep their loyalty to the colony,thereby very likely having saved the colony from violent mutiny,although her actions were taken negatively by the absentee colonial proprietor in England,Cecil Calvert,the second Lord Baltimore,and so ultimately she paid a great price for her efforts and was forced to leave the colony.
Colonel Thomas Brooke Jr. of Brookefield was President of the Council in Maryland and acting 13th Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. He was the son of Major Thomas Brooke Sr. and Esquire and his second wife Eleanor Hatton who later remarried Col. Henry Darnall. He was grandson of the Reverend Robert Brooke Sr.,who had similarly held the office briefly during the Cromwellian period in 1652.
Thomas Greene was an early settler of the Maryland colony and the 2nd Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1647 to 1648.
Thomas Notley was the 8th Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1676 through 1679. Having first moved to Barbados he immigrated to America in 1662. He was the speaker of the legislature in 1666. He and fellow Barbadian immigrant Jesse Wharton passed slave codes similar to those in Barbados that punished those who helped in the escape of a slave or who stole and kept another planter’s slave for themselves.
William Joseph was the 11th Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1688 to 1689. He was appointed by the colony's proprietor Charles Calvert,3rd Baron Baltimore. Joseph attempted to maintain control of the colony in the proprietor's name,but religious turmoil related to the Glorious Revolution in England led to Joseph's being removed from office by Protestant colonists and the Calvert family losing control of the colony.
The Battle of the Severn was a skirmish fought on March 25,1655,on the Severn River at Horn Point,across Spa Creek from Annapolis,Maryland,in what at that time was referred to as the Puritan settlement of "Providence",and what is now the neighborhood of Eastport. It was an extension of the conflicts that formed the English Civil War,pitting the forces of Puritan settlers against forces aligned with Lord Baltimore,then Lord Proprietor of the colony of Maryland. It has been suggested by Radmila May that this was the "last battle of the English Civil War."
Charles Carroll,sometimes called Charles Carroll the Settler to differentiate him from his son and grandson,was an Irish-born planter and lawyer who spent most of his life in the English Province of Maryland. Carroll,a Catholic,is best known for his efforts to hold office in the Protestant-dominated colony which eventually resulted in the disfranchisement of Maryland's Catholics. The second son of Irish Catholic parents,Carroll was educated in France as a lawyer before returning to England,where he pursued the first steps in a legal career. Before that career developed,he secured a position as Attorney General of the young colony of Maryland. Its founder George Calvert,1st Baron Baltimore and his descendants intended it as a refuge for persecuted Catholics.
Captain Charles Calvert was a British Army officer,colonial administrator and planter who served as the governor of Maryland from 1720 to 1727 at a time when the Calvert family had recently regained control of the Province of Maryland. He was appointed governor by his cousin Charles Calvert,5th Baron Baltimore,who in 1721 came into his inheritance over the colony.
Colonel William Digges was a prominent planter,soldier and politician in the Colony of Virginia and Province of Maryland. The eldest son of Edward Digges (1620-1674/5),who sat on the Virginia Governor's Council for two decades but died shortly before Bacon's Rebellion,Digges fled to Maryland where he married Lord Calvert's stepdaughter and served on the Maryland Proprietary Council until losing his office in 1689 during the Protestant Revolution,when a Puritan revolt upset the Calvert Proprietorship. His eldest son Edward sold his primary Virginia plantation to his uncle Dudley Digges. It is now within Naval Station Yorktown. His former Maryland estate,Warburton Manor,is now within Fort Washington Park. Two additional related men with the same name served in the Virginia General Assembly,both descended from this man's uncle and his grandson Cole Digges (burgess):William Digges (burgess) and his nephew and son-in-law William Digges Jr. both represented now-defunct Warwick County,Virginia.
The Protestant Revolution,also known Coode's Rebellion after one of its leaders,John Coode,took place in the summer of 1689 in the English Province of Maryland when Protestants,by then a substantial majority in the colony,revolted against the proprietary government led by the Catholic Charles Calvert,3rd Baron Baltimore.
References
- ↑ Solow, Barbara (1994). Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285. ISBN 978-0-521-45737-8.
- ↑ Johnston, Christopher (March 1909). "Sewall Family". Maryland Historical Magazine. 4 (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society: 292.
- 1 2 Colonial Dames of America (1910). Ancestral Records and Portraits. The Grafton Press. p. 397. ISBN 1-55613-941-1.
- ↑ "Historical List: Governors of Maryland, 1634-1689". Archives of Maryland. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- 1 2 Jordan, David William (2002). Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632-1715. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-52122-2.
- ↑ Riley, Elihu Samuel (1914). Maryland Manual: 1914-1915. Annapolis, Maryland: Hall of Records Commission. p. 87.
