Joe Berlinger

Last updated

Joe Berlinger
Berlinger ITD Promise Shoot (cropped).jpg
Berlinger in 2015
Born (1961-10-30) October 30, 1961 (age 63)
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
OccupationDocumentary filmmaker
Years active1989–present
SpouseLoren Eiferman

Joseph Berlinger (born October 30, 1961) is an American documentary filmmaker and producer. Particularly focused on true crime documentaries, Berlinger's films and docu-series draw attention to social justice issues in the US and abroad in such films as Brother's Keeper , Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills , Crude , Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger and Intent To Destroy: Death, Denial and Depiction .

Contents

A 2017 HuffPost article stated, "Brother's Keeper" (1992) and the "Paradise Lost trilogy" (1996–2011) helped pioneer the style of documentary filmmaking seen in Netflix's recent true crime sensation, Making a Murderer —a combination of artful cinematography, a stirring musical soundtrack, and a dramatic narrative structure as compelling as any scripted film." [1]

Berlinger spearheaded and directed two 2019 projects centered on the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy: the Netflix docu-series Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes , [2] and the drama film Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile , starring Zac Efron. [3] In 2022 Bloomberg described Berlinger as a "True Crime Hit Factory" for Netflix whose work has "redefined crime documentaries as a vehicle for social justice." The article also quoted Adam Del Deo, VP for original documentary series at Netflix: “He’s the gold standard in true crime. The moral compass that he has, the sense of responsibility he has for victims and for getting the story right and shining a light on it, that is something that is very unique.” [4]

Early life and education

Berlinger was born to a Jewish family [5] in Bridgeport, Connecticut. [6] He graduated from Colgate University in 1983 [7] with a B.A. in German Language.

Early career

After graduating from Colgate University, Berlinger took a position working at an advertising agency in Frankfurt, Germany. He soon transitioned into the world of film, working as an apprentice to the iconic documentarians Albert and David Maysles. Joe met his future directing partner, Bruce Sinofsky, while they were both employed by the Maysles. Together they would make their directing debut with the 1992 film Brother's Keeper.

Collaboration with Bruce Sinofsky

Working as a directing duo, Berlinger and Sinofsky created the landmark documentary Brother's Keeper (1992), [8] which tells the story of Delbert Ward, an uneducated elderly man in Munnsville, New York, who was charged with second-degree murder following the death of his brother William. Film critic Roger Ebert called it "an extraordinary documentary about what happened next, as a town banded together to stop what folks saw as a miscarriage of justice." [8]

The pair went on to direct the Paradise Lost Trilogy-- Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills (1996), [9] Paradise Lost 2: Revelations (2000), [9] and Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory (2011), [9] which earned the pair an Academy Award nomination. [10] The trilogy, shot over two decades, focused on the West Memphis Three, a group of teenagers who were wrongfully convicted of the brutal murder of three children. The trilogy raised doubts about the legitimacy of the teenagers' convictions and spurred a movement to release them from prison, where one of the men was awaiting a death sentence. In 2011, the West Memphis Three were released from their respective death and life sentences after filing an Alford Plea with the Federal Court of Arkansas.

Metallica: Some Kind of Monster (2004), [11] called "one of the most revelatory rock portraits ever made" [12] follows the popular heavy metal band Metallica. Berlinger and Sinofsky capture the group at a crossroads, as bassist Jason Newsted quits the band and frontman James Hetfield abruptly leaves to enter a rehabilitation facility due to alcohol abuse. The film was critically acclaimed for capturing Metallica, a global phenomenon, at a moment of true vulnerability.

Sinofsky died on February 21, 2015, at the age of 58, from diabetes-related complications. The band Metallica paid tribute to him as a "courageous man with deep empathy and wisdom who wasn't afraid to dig deep to tell the story. [13] " Berlinger wrote that Sinofsky's "humanity is on every frame of the films that he leaves behind." [13]

Other works

Film

Berlinger made his narrative feature debut with Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 (2000). [14]

Berlinger's film Crude (2009) focused on the lawsuit by Ecuadorean plaintiffs against Chevron Corporation, for its alleged responsibility for continuing sites of pollution in that country. [15] Under African Skies (2012), follows Paul Simon as he returns to South Africa for a reunion concert, celebrating the 25th anniversary of his landmark album Graceland which featured many iconic South African Musicians. In 2014 Whitey: United States of America V. James J. Bulger , a documentary about the infamous Boston mob boss Whitey Bulger was released. Berlinger traces Whitey's trail of terror as well as the FBI's role in both enabling him and taking him down.

Berlinger captured Tony Robbins' exclusive and notoriously private Date With Destiny seminar in his 2016 film Tony Robbins: I Am Not Your Guru. Berlinger chronicles the six-day seminar and the personal evolutions and breakthroughs of participants, Robbins and even Berlinger himself.

In 2017 Berlinger released Intent to Destroy: Death, Denial & Depiction, an examination of the Armenian genocide through both seated interviews with experts and behind-the-scenes footage of Terry George's historical drama The Promise (2016).

In 2019, Berlinger re-entered the world of narrative film and directed Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile , his second feature. The film chronicles the life of serial killer Ted Bundy and his longtime girlfriend Elizabeth Kendall. Starring Zac Efron, Lily Collins, Jim Parsons, John Malkovich, Jeffrey Donovan, Haley Joel Osment and Angela Sarafyan, the film screened at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival in January. [16]

Television

In addition to his feature work, Berlinger has created or played pivotal roles as executive producer, director and/or producer of many acclaimed television series, such as the Emmy-winning 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America for History, the Emmy-nominated Oprah's Master Class for OWN, and the star-studded Iconoclasts for Sundance, which paired creative visionaries across multiple disciplines - such as Eddie Vedder and Laird Hamilton, Chuck D and Kareem Abdul Jabbar, Charlize Theron and Jane Goodall - for tandem portraits and discussions about their lives, influences, and art.

Berlinger continued his passion for using media to bring attention to the issue of wrongful conviction with his television series Wrong Man for Starz, which took an in-depth look into six separate cases of alleged wrongful conviction over two seasons. [17] Confronting A Serial Killer , which premiered in April 2021 on Starz, follows acclaimed author Jillian Lauren as she forms an unprecedented bond with the most prolific serial killer in American history, Samuel Little. Lauren uncovers Little's darkest secrets, aids law enforcement in solving a multitude of cold case murders targeting marginalized communities, and examines how flaws in our criminal justice system aided in him escaping legal consequences for decades.

Since 2019's Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes and Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, Berlinger has spearheaded multiple hit documentary series for Netflix, including Jeffrey Epstein: Filthy Rich (2020), Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel (2021), and Madoff: The Monster of Wall Street (2023).

Literature and philanthropy

In collaboration with journalist Greg Milner, Berlinger wrote the book Metallica: This Monster Lives (2004), about his early career, accomplishments and challenges forging his path in the world of film. The book is centered around the filming of Metallica: Some Kind of Monster.

Berlinger serves on the board of Proclaim Justice, a nonprofit dedicated to providing resources and building awareness around wrongful convictions. He also serves on the board of Rehabilitation Through the Arts, The Bedford Playhouse and the International Documentary Association.

Chevron Corporation subpoenaed the outtakes from Berlinger's 2009 film Crude. Berlinger fought the request, citing reporters' privilege, but in 2010 a federal judge ordered Berlinger to turn over more than 600 hours of footage created during the film's production. [15] Berlinger appealed, but in 2011 the US 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the lower court ruling against Berlinger, though with a slight reduction in the total hours of footage required. [18] [19] [ full citation needed ] [20]

After spending $1.3 million on legal fees on the case, Berlinger expressed concerns about being able to make documentaries about legal cases in the future. [9]

Paradise Lost

Berlinger is best known for the film series Paradise Lost, [21] which documents the murder trial and the subsequent legal battles of three Arkansas teenagers, Damien Echols, Jason Baldwin and Jessie Misskelley Jr., convicted of murder. [9] The court convicted the youths (known as the West Memphis Three) of murdering three eight-year-old boys as part of a "ritual killing," [9] although no physical evidence linked the three young men to the crime.[ citation needed ]Paradise Lost documents the 20-year ordeal of these three young men from arrest to conviction, through years of unsuccessful legal efforts, to a plea bargain that resulted in their release in the summer of 2012. [9]

The film series brought mainstream attention to the case, and many celebrities took up the cause of getting these young men out of prison and getting Damien Echols off death row. The mainstream attention, brought on by the documentary series, allowed for a well-financed legal team to investigate every lead in the case. These subsequent investigations showed the incompetence of the West Memphis police, who had never dealt with this type of crime, and that the police let other suspects disappear from the community; for example, a man covered in blood used a restroom in a restaurant within walking distance of the murder scene shortly after the time of the murders. In addition to the failure to apprehend the suspect, the police lost the blood samples, even though this strange man left blood all over the bathroom. This mistake meant that the experts could never determine if this strange man was covered in the victims' blood.

Ultimately, the defense team hired DNA experts to test genetic material after fighting the prosecution for years to get access to it, and these tests again proved that no physical evidence linked the West Memphis Three to the murders; rather, a hair from one boy's stepfather was found tied into one of the shoelaces used to hogtie the victims. [22]

After a 2010 decision by the Arkansas Supreme Court regarding newly produced DNA evidence, [23] attorneys for the West Memphis Three negotiated with prosecutors an Alford plea allowing them to assert their innocence while acknowledging enough evidence to convict them; the result, on August 19, 2011, was acceptance of the pleas by Judge David Laser, and his reduction of sentence of the three to time served, and their release with 10-year suspended sentences (after 18 years, 78 days in prison). [24]

Personal life

Joe Berlinger lives with his wife, artist Loren Eiferman, in Westchester County, New York.[ citation needed ]

Filmography

Narrative Films

YearTitleDirectorProducerWriter
2000 Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 YesYes
2019 Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile YesYes

Documentary films

YearTitleDirectorProducerWriterNote
1992 Brother's Keeper YesYesCo-directed with Bruce Sinofsky
Also editor
1996 Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills YesYes
1998Where It's At: The Rolling Stone State of the UnionYesYesTV movie
2000 Paradise Lost 2: Revelations YesYesWith Bruce Sinofsky
2004 Metallica: Some Kind of Monster YesYes
2009 Crude YesYesAlso cinematographer
2011 Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory YesYesWith Bruce Sinofsky
2012Under African SkiesYesYes
2014 Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger YesYes
2016 Tony Robbins: I Am Not Your Guru YesYes
2017 Intent to Destroy YesYesYes

Documentary series (Since 2019)

YearTitleDirectorExecutive
Producer		WriterNote
2019 Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes YesYesYesAlso creator
2020 Jeffrey Epstein: Filthy Rich Yes
2021 Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel YesYesAlso creator
Murder Among the Mormons Yes
Confronting a Serial Killer YesYes
Crime Scene: The Times Square Killer YesYes
2022 Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes YesYes
Conversations with a Killer: The Jeffrey Dahmer Tapes YesYes
Shadowland Yes
2023 Madoff: The Monster of Wall Street YesYes
2024 Cold Case: Who Killed JonBenét Ramsey YesYes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Memphis Three</span> Three men convicted of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States

The West Memphis Three are three freed men convicted as teenagers in 1994 of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States. Damien Echols was sentenced to death, Jessie Misskelley Jr. to life imprisonment plus two 20-year sentences, and Jason Baldwin to life imprisonment. During the trial, the prosecution asserted that the juveniles killed the children as part of a Satanic ritual.

<i>Paradise Lost 2: Revelations</i> 2000 American film

Paradise Lost 2: Revelations is a 2000 American documentary film directed and produced by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky, and the sequel to their 1996 film Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills, about the trials of the West Memphis Three, three teenage boys accused of the May 1993 murders and sexual mutilation of three prepubescent boys as a part of an alleged satanic ritual in West Memphis, Arkansas.

<i>Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills</i> 1996 American film

Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills is a 1996 American documentary film directed, produced and edited by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky about the trials of the West Memphis Three, three teenage youths accused of the May 1993 murders and sexual mutilation of three prepubescent boys as a part of an alleged satanic ritual in West Memphis, Arkansas.

True crime is a nonfiction literary, podcast, and film genre in which the author examines a crime and details the actions of people associated with and affected by criminal events. It is a cultural phenomenon that can refer to the promotion of sensationalized and emotionally charged content around the subject of violent crime, for the general public. Many works in this genre recount high-profile, sensational crimes such as the killing of JonBenét Ramsey, the O. J. Simpson murder case, and the Pamela Smart murder, while others are devoted to more obscure slayings.

<i>Metallica: Some Kind of Monster</i> 2004 documentary film

Metallica: Some Kind of Monster is a 2004 American documentary film about American heavy metal band Metallica. The film follows the band from 2001 to 2003, a turbulent period in the band's history which included the production of their 2003 album St. Anger, frontman James Hetfield entering into rehab for alcoholism and the departure of bassist Jason Newsted as well as the hiring of his replacement Robert Trujillo. The title of the film comes from a song from St. Anger.

<i>Metallica: This Monster Lives</i> 2004 book

Metallica: This Monster Lives is a 2004 book written by Joe Berlinger and Greg Milner. The book describes how Berlinger recorded the feature-length film Metallica: Some Kind of Monster in collaboration with the music band Metallica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruce Sinofsky</span> American documentary film director (1956–2015)

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<i>Crude</i> (2009 film) 2009 American film

Crude is a 2009 American documentary film directed and produced by Joe Berlinger. It follows a two-year portion of an ongoing class action lawsuit against the Chevron Corporation in Ecuador.

Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky were a team of American documentary filmmakers that have won cult fame and critical acclaim. The duo are probably best known for their trilogy of Paradise Lost films about the so-called West Memphis Three, and for their 2004 Metallica documentary Metallica: Some Kind of Monster. Though they often worked together, Berlinger and Sinofsky also separately directed their own projects.

<i>Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory</i> 2011 American film

Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory is a 2011 American documentary film directed by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky, and sequel to their films Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills (1996) and Paradise Lost 2: Revelations (2000). The three films are about West Memphis Three, three teenage boys accused of the May 1993 murders and sexual mutilation of three prepubescent boys as a part of an alleged satanic ritual in West Memphis, Arkansas. Purgatory offers an update on the case of the West Memphis Three, who were all recognized guilty of the murders in 1994 but kept on claiming their innocence since then, before culminating with the trio's attempt at an Alford plea.

<i>West of Memphis</i> 2012 New Zealand-American documentary film

West of Memphis is a 2012 New Zealand-American documentary film about the West Memphis Three that was directed and co-written by Amy Berg, and produced by Berg, Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson, and Damien Echols and his wife, Lorri Davis. It was released in the US by Sony Pictures Classics to critical acclaim, and received a nomination for Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America.

<i>Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger</i> 2014 documentary film directed by Joe Berlinger

Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger is a 2014 American biographical documentary film produced and directed by Joe Berlinger. It is produced by CNN Films and Radical Media. Its world premiere was at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2014.

<i>Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile</i> 2019 film by Joe Berlinger

Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile is a 2019 American biographical crime drama film about the life of serial killer Ted Bundy. Directed by Joe Berlinger with a screenplay from Michael Werwie, the film is based on Bundy's former girlfriend Elizabeth Kendall's memoir, The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy. The film stars Zac Efron as Bundy, Lily Collins as Kendall, Kaya Scodelario as Bundy's wife Carole Ann Boone, and John Malkovich as Edward Cowart, the presiding judge at Bundy's trial. The title of the film is a reference to Cowart's remarks on Bundy's murders while sentencing him to death.

<i>Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes</i> American docuseries on Netflix

Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes is an American documentary that premiered on Netflix on January 24, 2019, the 30th anniversary of Bundy's execution. Created and directed by Joe Berlinger, the four episodes ranging from 51 to 74 minutes long were sourced from over 100 hours of interviews and archival footage of serial killer Ted Bundy, as well as interviews with his friends, surviving victims, and the law enforcement members who worked on his case.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Damien Echols</span> American writer; one of the West Memphis Three

Damien Wayne Echols is an American author who first became known as one of three teenagers, the West Memphis Three, convicted of a triple murder in 1994 despite the lack of physical evidence connecting them to the crime and the dubious nature of the other evidence. Upon his release from death row in 2011 under an Alford plea, Echols authored several autobiographical and spiritual books. He has been featured in multiple books, documentaries, and podcasts about his spiritual works and the West Memphis Three case.

<i>Ted Bundy: Falling for a Killer</i> American true crime docuseries

Ted Bundy: Falling for a Killer is a 2020 American true crime docuseries that premiered on Amazon Prime Video on January 30, 2020. The 5-part miniseries was created and directed by Trish Wood. Many viewers who rated the film praised its emphasis on victims, while some objected to its focus on the feminist movement. The incorporation of feminist critique and social contextualization is akin to that seen in later episodes of the Netflix crime docuseries, The Ripper.

<i>Crime Scene: The Times Square Killer</i> 2021 documentary television series

Crime Scene: The Times Square Killer is a 2021 American limited docuseries made for Netflix and directed by Joe Berlinger. It is the second installment in the Crime Scene documentary series, following Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel. Its story focuses on the series of 1970s-1980s murders that were carried out by American serial killer Richard Cottingham, also known as the Times Square Killer and the Torso Killer. The series was released on December 29, 2021.

<i>Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes</i> American docu-series on Netflix

Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes is a limited docuseries created and directed by Joe Berlinger for Netflix. It is the second installment in the Conversations with a Killer series and succeeds Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes. The series depicts the murder spree of serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who killed at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois. The story is depicted through never-before-heard archival audio footage that was recorded during Gacy's incarceration, interviews with participants close to the case and from one of the surviving victims. It was released on April 20, 2022.

<i>Conversations with a Killer: The Jeffrey Dahmer Tapes</i> American true crime docuseries on Netflix

Conversations with a Killer: The Jeffrey Dahmer Tapes is a limited true crime docuseries created and directed by Joe Berlinger for Netflix. It is the third installment in the Conversations with a Killer series and succeeds Conversations with a Killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes. The series depicts the murder spree of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, who murdered, dismembered and cannibalized 17 men and boys between 1978 and 1991 in Wisconsin. The story is told through archival audio footage recorded during Dahmer's incarceration. It was released on October 7, 2022.

Crime Scene Berlin: Nightlife Killer is a 2024 Netflix limited docuseries directed by Joe Berlinger and written by Caroline Schaper. It is the fourth installment in the Crime Scene documentary series, following Crime Scene: The Texas Killing Fields. The three-part true crime docuseries charts the true story surrounding a series of murders that took place in Berlin, Germany in 2012, and how the police worked to track down the killer. It was released on April 3, 2024 on Netflix.

References

  1. ↑ Levin, Michael (October 29, 2017). "Contributor". Huffpost. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  2. ↑ "Ted Bundy True Crime Series Coming to Netflix". The Hollywood Reporter. December 11, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  3. ↑ Barcella, Laura (January 23, 2019). "Living With Ted Bundy". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  4. ↑ "The Man Behind Netflix's Jeffrey Dahmer Docuseries Is a True Crime Hit Factory". Bloomberg.com. October 20, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  5. ↑ Bloom, Nate (February 15, 2012). "Jewish Stars: Oscar time". Cleveland Jewish News . Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  6. ↑ Dawson, Nick (September 9, 2009). "Joe Berlinger, Crude". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  7. ↑ Mayne, Aleta (February 18, 2014). "Joe Berlinger '83 will produce, direct criminal justice series for Al-Jazeera America". Colgate News. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  8. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (March 26, 1993). "My Brother's Keeper" (movie review). RogerEbert.com . Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Itzkoff, Dave (January 6, 2012). "Filmmakers Take Dual Roles in Quest for Truth" (movie review). The New York Times . Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  10. ↑ "The 84th Academy Awards | 2012". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  11. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (July 8, 2007). "Metallica: Some Kind of Monster; Genre: Documentary; Director: Joe Berlinger, Bruce Sinofsky..." (movie review). Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Metallica: Some Kind of Monster". EW.com. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Metallica have paid tribute to Oscar-nominated director Bruce Sinofsky, who has died aged 58" . The Independent. February 22, 2015. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  14. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (November 3, 2000). "Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2; Genre: Genre: Mystery and Thriller, Horror; Starring; Director: Joe Berlinger..." Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original (movie review) on November 6, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Itzkoff, Dave (May 6, 2010). "Judge Rules that Filmmaker Must Give Footage to Chevron" (NYT blogpost). New York Times . Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  16. ↑ Righetti, Jamie (January 25, 2019). "'Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile' Teaser: Zac Efron Casts a Spell Over Lily Collins". IndieWire. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  17. ↑ Wrong Man (Documentary, Crime), Sue-Ann Robinson, Johnny Lawrence, RadicalMedia, June 3, 2018, retrieved November 1, 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ↑ Berlinger, Joe (2010-05-27). "In Re: Application of Chevron. Declaration of Joe Berlinger," See , accessed 18 May 2016.
  19. ↑ Folkenflik, David (2010-06-04). A 'Crude' awakening: Chevron Vs. The documentarian, National Public Radio, see .[ full citation needed ]
  20. ↑ Isler, Tom (2014-03-29). "What 'Chevron Corp. v. Donziger' continues to get wrong about documentary filmmaking," Penn Program on Documentaries and the law, see .
  21. ↑ "Joe Berlinger". IMDb. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  22. ↑ Leveritt, Mara (November 25, 1994). "The legal troubles of Terry Hobbs and John Mark Byers". Arkansas Times. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  23. ↑ Parker, Suzi (July 27, 2011). "Fresh DNA evidence boosts defense in 1993 Arkansas slayings". Reuters. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  24. ↑ Lesnick, Gavin (August 19, 2011). "Plea reached in West Memphis murders" (online report and video). Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
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