Jurgen Brauer

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Jurgen Brauer (born February 19, 1957) is a retired German-American economist and contributor to the growing field of peace economics, the study of economic aspects of peace and security. He is Emeritus Professor of Economics at Augusta University, Augusta, GA,USA,and Visiting Professor of Economics at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. [1]

Contents

Academic career

Brauer was a U.S. Institute of Peace Scholar for the academic year 1988-89. He earned a Ph.D. degree in economics in 1989 from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, with a thesis on “Military Expenditures, Arms Production, and the Economic Performance of Developing Nations.” From 1991 to 2017, he held a professorship at the business school of then-Augusta College in Augusta, Georgia, now Augusta University. He held visiting professorships and fellowships at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (Port Elizabeth, South Africa), the Australian Defence Force Academy (Canberra, Australia), the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand), the Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá, Colombia), the Institute for Economics and Peace (Sydney, Australia), and the University of Barcelona (Spain).

From 1998 to 2005 Brauer served as vice-chair of Economists for Peace and Security, an international association of professional economists concerned with issues of peace and security. In 2006 he co-founded (with Prof. J. Paul Dunne) The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, which he co-edited until 2020. [2] Also until 2020, he co-edited (with Prof. Keith Hartley) the Routledge Studies in Defence and Peace Economics monograph series, and he served on the editorial boards of several international, peer-reviewed journals, including Defence and Peace Economics. He was Research Affiliate at the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Otago, New Zealand and also with the Households in Conflict Network. Previously, he was Research Associate in Policy Research in International Services and Manufacturing at the University of Cape Town and served on the Research Committee of the Institute for Economics and Peace (Sydney, Australia). In 2015, he was inducted into the Martin Luther King Jr. Collegium of Scholars at Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA. [3] [4]

Research and writings

Brauer’s work during the 1990s and into the mid-2000s focused on conventional aspects of defense and conflict economics such as issues related to disarmament, military expenditure, arms production, arms trade, and arms trade offset agreements, usually but not exclusively in the context of developing countries. [5] [6] [7] As from the mid-2000s, Brauer’s work increasingly focused on peace economics and economic aspects of small arms generally and firearms in particular. In 2009, for example, Brauer and John T. Marlin developed a methodology to estimate the economic value of worldwide peace [8] and in 2012, he and J. Paul Dunne published a textbook on macroeconomic aspects of peace economics for the U.S. Institute of Peace. Brauer's work on firearms first culminated in 2013 in a major, 100-page-long study on the U.S. civilian firearms industry published by the Small Arms Survey, Geneva. [9] His research on arms, and the methodology he developed to estimate firearms sales in the United States, has been used by newspapers and others in the debate on firearms proliferation in the US and beyond. [10] [11] [12] [13] It also served as the springboard to co-found a politically neutral consultancy, Small Arms Analytics & Forecasting, of which Brauer served as Senior Partner and Chief Economist until 2022. [14] During the late 2000s, Brauer turned to larger themes: Castles, Battles, and Bombs (2008) is an economic interpretation of the second millennium of military history (written with military historian Hubert van Tuyll) and War and Nature (2009) explores the effects of war on the natural environment. In the early 2010s Brauer began work with Prof. Charles H. Anderton of the College of the Holy Cross exploring economic aspects of the prevention of genocides and other mass atrocities. [15]

Books (selected)

Research papers (selected)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arms trafficking</span> Illegal trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition

Arms trafficking or gunrunning is the illicit trade of contraband small arms, explosives, and ammunition, which constitutes part of a broad range of illegal activities often associated with transnational criminal organizations. The illegal trade of small arms, unlike other organized crime commodities, is more closely associated with exercising power in communities instead of achieving economic gain. Scholars estimate illegal arms transactions amount to over US$1 billion annually.

In economics, a transaction cost is a cost incurred when making an economic trade when participating in a market.

The expression military–industrial complex (MIC) describes the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. A driving factor behind the relationship between the military and the defense-minded corporations is that both sides benefit—one side from obtaining weapons, and the other from being paid to supply them. The term is most often used in reference to the system behind the armed forces of the United States, where the relationship is most prevalent due to close links among defense contractors, the Pentagon, and politicians. The expression gained popularity after a warning of the relationship's detrimental effects, in the farewell address of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 17, 1961.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War economy</span> Actions taken by a state to mobilize its economy for war production

A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. Philippe Le Billon describes a war economy as a "system of producing, mobilizing and allocating resources to sustain the violence." Some measures taken include the increasing of interest rates as well as the introduction of resource allocation programs. Approaches to the reconfiguration of the economy differ from country to country.

Economic militarism is the ideology surrounding the use of military expenditure to prop up an economy, or the use of military power to gain control or access to territory or other economic resources. Thus a link between output and military expenditure can be made. The scope of this effect depend on : threat faced, productivity of factors, degree of the military utilisation, finance method of military spending, its externalities and effectiveness of this military spending in countering the treaty. As a consequence, a same amount of military spending in different countries can have wide-ranging effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military budget</span> Financial resources dedicated by a state for purposes of national defense

A military budget, also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.

Military Keynesianism is an economic policy based on the position that government should raise military spending to boost economic growth. It is a fiscal stimulus policy as advocated by John Maynard Keynes. But where Keynes advocated increasing public spending on socially useful items, additional public spending is allocated to the arms industry, the area of defense being that over which the executive exercises greater discretionary power. Typical examples of such policies are Nazi Germany, or the United States during and after World War II, during the presidencies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. This type of economy is linked to the interdependence between welfare and warfare states, in which the latter feeds the former, in a potentially unlimited spiral. The term is often used pejoratively to refer to politicians who apparently reject Keynesian economics, but use Keynesian arguments in support of excessive military spending.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government spending</span> Government consumptions, investments, and transfer payments

Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments. In national income accounting, the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community, is classed as government final consumption expenditure. Government acquisition of goods and services intended to create future benefits, such as infrastructure investment or research spending, is classed as government investment. These two types of government spending, on final consumption and on gross capital formation, together constitute one of the major components of gross domestic product.

Economic interdependence is the mutual dependence of the participants in an economic system who trade in order to obtain the products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves. Such trading relationships require that the behavior of a participant affects its trading partners and it would be costly to rupture their relationship. The subject was addressed by A. A. Cournot who wrote: "...but in reality the economic system is a whole in which all of the parts are connected and react on one another. An increase in the income of the producers of commodity A will affect the demands for commodities B, C, etc. and the incomes of their producers, and by its reaction will affect the demand for commodity A." Economic Interdependence is evidently a consequence of the division of labour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wagner's law</span>

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Barbara Rose Bergmann was a feminist economist. Her work covers many topics from childcare and gender issues to poverty and Social Security. Bergmann was a co-founder and president of the International Association for Feminist Economics, a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and Professor Emerita of Economics at the University of Maryland and American University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Security studies</span> Discipline of international relations

Security studies, also known as international security studies, is an academic sub-field within the wider discipline of international relations that studies organized violence, military conflict, national security, and international security.

Economists for Peace and Security (EPS) is a New York–based, United Nations accredited and registered global organization and network of thought-leading economists, political scientists, and security experts founded in 1989 that promotes non-military solutions to world challenges, and more broadly, works towards freedom from fear and freedom from want for all.

The capitalist peace, or capitalist peace theory, or commercial peace, posits that market openness contributes to more peaceful behavior among states, and that developed market-oriented economies are less likely to engage in conflict with one another. Along with the democratic peace theory and institutionalist arguments for peace, the commercial peace forms part of the Kantian tripod for peace. Prominent mechanisms for the commercial peace revolve around how capitalism, trade interdependence, and capital interdependence raise the costs of warfare, incentivize groups to lobby against war, make it harder for leaders to go to war, and reduce the economic benefits of conquest.

Peace economics is a branch of conflict economics and focuses on the design of the sociosphere's political, economic, and cultural institutions and their interacting policies and actions with the goal of preventing, mitigating, or resolving violent conflict within and between societies. This violent conflict could be of any type and could involve either latent or actual violence. Recognizing the cost of violence, peace economics focuses on the benefits of (re)constructing societies with a view toward achieving irreversible, stable peace. Along with approaches drawn from other areas of scholarship, peace economics forms part of peace science, an evolving part of peace and conflict studies.

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Michael D. Intriligator was an American economist at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was Professor of Economics, Political Science, and Policy Studies, and Co-Director of the Jacob Marschak Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Mathematics in the Behavioral Sciences. In addition, he was a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute in Santa Monica, a Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America in Boston, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Science, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received his Ph.D. in Economics at MIT in 1963 and the same year joined the UCLA Department of Economics. He taught courses in economic theory, econometrics, mathematical economics, international relations, and health economics, and received several distinguished teaching awards.

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The economics of defense or defense economics is a subfield of economics, an application of the economic theory to the issues of military defense. It is a relatively new field. An early specialized work in the field is the RAND Corporation report The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age by Charles J. Hitch and Roland McKean . It is an economic field that studies the management of government budget and its expenditure during mainly war times, but also during peace times, and its consequences on economic growth. It thus uses macroeconomic and microeconomic tools such as game theory, comparative statistics, growth theory and econometrics. It has strong ties to other subfields of economics such as public finance, economics of industrial organization, international economics, labour economics and growth economics.

References

  1. ↑ "Visiting Faculty List". Chulalongkorn University. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "Journal history". Economics of Peace and Security Journal. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2015-04-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ "GRU professor inducted into Morehouse College's Collegium of Scholars". 2015-03-17.
  5. ↑ Brauer, Jurgen (1993). Economic Issues of Disarmament. New York: New York University Press. ISBN   9780814714690.
  6. ↑ Brauer, Jurgen (2002). Arming the South: The Economics of Military Expenditure, Arms Production, and Arms Trade in Developing Countries. New York: Palgrave. ISBN   9780230501256.
  7. ↑ Brauer, Jurgen (2004). Arms Trade and Economic Development: Theory, Policy, and Cases in Arms Trade Offsets. London: Routlegde. ISBN   9780415331067.
  8. ↑ Evans Pim, Joam (2009). Toward a Nonkilling Paradigm . Honolulu, Hawaii: Center for Global Nonkilling. pp.  125–148. ISBN   978-0-9822983-1-2.
  9. ↑ Brauer, Jurgen. "The US Firearms Industry: Production and Supply" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2013.
  10. ↑ Aisch, Gregor; Keller, Josh (2015-12-10). "What Happens After Calls for New Gun Restrictions? Sales Go up". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ "11 Facts About Guns".
  12. ↑ "Guns and sugar". The Economist. 2013-05-25.
  13. ↑ "Made in the U.S.A.: The Role of American Guns in Mexican Violence". The Atlantic . 2013-03-18.
  14. ↑ Small Arms Analytics & Forecasting
  15. ↑ Interview on Auschwitz Institute Blog
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