Kadam virus

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Kadam virus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species:
Kadam virus

The Kadam virus (or KAD, strain MP6640) is a tick-borne Flavivirus . [1]

Contents

Located

The virus was first isolated by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda, after samples were taken from cattle in Karamoja in 1967. [2] The viruses were usually only found from Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma ticks around Kenya and Uganda infecting cattle and humans. [3]

Spread

In the early 1980s, Kadam virus;; was found to be spread in Saudi Arabia by Hyalomma ticks [3] when found on a dead camel at Wadi Thamamah in Riyadh.

Related Research Articles

<i>Flavivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Flavivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV). While dual-host flaviviruses can infect vertebrates as well as arthropods, insect-specific flaviviruses are restricted to their competent arthropods. The means by which flaviviruses establish persistent infection in their competent vectors and cause disease in humans depends upon several virus-host interactions, including the intricate interplay between flavivirus-encoded immune antagonists and the host antiviral innate immune effector molecules.

Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to affect ~80 % of cattle worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyasanur Forest disease</span> Human disease

Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to South-western part of India. The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. KFDV is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected hard ticks which act as a reservoir of KFDV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</span> Disease of Humans and animals

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease. Symptoms of CCHF may include fever, muscle pains, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding into the skin. Onset of symptoms is less than two weeks following exposure. Complications may include liver failure. In those who survive, recovery generally occurs around two weeks after onset.

<i>Thogotovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Thogotovirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. Their single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome has six or seven segments. Thogotoviruses are distinguished from most other orthomyxoviruses by being arboviruses – viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, in this case usually ticks. Thogotoviruses can replicate in both tick cells and vertebrate cells; one subtype has also been isolated from mosquitoes. A consequence of being transmitted by blood-sucking vectors is that the virus must spread systemically in the vertebrate host – unlike influenza viruses, which are transmitted by respiratory droplets and are usually confined to the respiratory system.

Alkhurma virus (ALKV) is a zoonotic virus of the Flaviviridae virus family. ALKV causes Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever and is mainly based in Saudi Arabia.

Omsk hemorrhagic fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a Flavivirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deer tick virus</span> Pathogenic member virus of Powassan virus

Deer tick virus (DTV) is a virus in the genus Flavivirus spread via ticks that causes encephalitis.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ticks of domestic animals</span>

Ticks of domestic animals directly cause poor health and loss of production to their hosts. Ticks also transmit numerous kinds of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa between domestic animals. These microbes cause diseases which can be severely debilitating or fatal to domestic animals, and may also affect humans. Ticks are especially important to domestic animals in tropical and subtropical countries, where the warm climate enables many species to flourish. Also, the large populations of wild animals in warm countries provide a reservoir of ticks and infective microbes that spread to domestic animals. Farmers of livestock animals use many methods to control ticks, and related treatments are used to reduce infestation of companion animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MERS-related coronavirus</span> Species of virus

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<i>Hyalomma marginatum</i> Species of tick

Hyalomma marginatum is a hard-bodied tick found on birds including the pale crag martin. This tick has been implicated in the transmission of Bahig virus, a pathogenic arbovirus previously thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes.

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The Bhanja virus is a tick-borne virus first discovered in a tick taken from a paralyzed goat in Bhanjanagar, India in 1954. Bhanja virus in humans was first documented in 1974 when Charles Calisher was working with the virus in a lab and contracted it himself. His experience with the virus was mild and included symptoms of mild aching in muscles and joints, moderate headache, slight photophobia. The Bhanja virus is a member of the Bhanja virus serocomplex and is a member of the Bunyavirales order.

<i>Hyalomma dromedarii</i> Species of tick

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Royal Farm virus, previously known as Karshi virus, was not viewed as pathogenic or harmful to humans. Although infected people suffer with fever-like symptoms, some people in Uzbekistan have reported with severe disease such as encephalitis and other large outbreaks of fever illness connected infection with the virus.

<i>Rhipicephalus pulchellus</i> Species of tick

The zebra tick or yellow back tick is a species of hard tick. It is common in the Horn of Africa, with a habitat of the Rift Valley and eastward. It feeds upon a wide variety of species, including livestock, wild mammals, and humans, and can be a vector for various pathogens. The adult male has a distinctive black and ivory ornamentation on its scutum.

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References

  1. "Kadam virus MP6640". www.european-virus-archive.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  2. Henderson BE, Tukei PM, McCrae AW, Ssenkubuge Y, Mugo WN (1970). "Virus isolations from Ixodid ticks in Uganda. II. Kadam virus—a new member of arbovirus group B isolated from Rhipicephalus pravus Dontiz". East Afr Med J. 47 (5): 273–6. ISSN   0012-835X. PMID   5473597.
  3. 1 2 Wood OL, Moussa MI, Hoogstraal H, Büttiker W (1982). "Kadam virus (Togaviridae, Flavivirus) infecting camel-parasitizing Hyalomma dromedarii ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Saudi Arabia". J. Med. Entomol. 19 (2): 207–8. doi:10.1093/jmedent/19.2.207. PMID   7086856.