Amblyomma

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Amblyomma
Temporal range: Cenomanian–present
Amblyomma ovale.png
A female of Amblyomma ovale firmly attached to and feeding on a dog.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Amblyomma
Koch, 1844
Type species
Acarus cajennensis
Fabricius, 1787
Species

135 extant, 2 extinct, see text.

Amblyomma americanum tick.jpg
Amblyomma-variegatum-male.jpg
Amblyomma maculatum.tif
Amblyomma triste.tif
Top down, L>R: Amblyomma americanum , Amblyomma variegatum , Amblyomma maculatum , Amblyomma triste .
Amblyomma triguttatum female.jpg
Amblyomma.DSC 1161.jpg
Amblyomma hebraeum, Steenbokpan, b.jpg
Amblyomma gemma male dorsal view.jpg
Amblyomma kappa.jpg
Tick - Amblyomma pomposum%3F, Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique (45283263781).jpg
Top down, L>R: Amblyomma triguttatum , Amblyomma testudinarium , Amblyomma hebraeum , Amblyomma gemma , Amblyomma kappa , Amblyomma pomposum .
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.1201 - Amblyomma marmoreum (C. L. Koch) - Mites - Collection Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans.jpeg
Amblyomma scalpturatum.jpg
Fig 5 Amblyomma Supinoi.jpg
Amblyomma tigrinum - brabuleta - 331021463.jpeg
Pohick Creek 20110531 tick (5784250384).jpg
Larval Amblyomma hard tick in Dominican amber-12.jpg
Top down, L>R: Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma scalpturatum, Amblyomma Supinoi, Amblyomma tigrinum, A. americanum mouthparts, Amblyomma near testudinis fossil.

Amblyomma, also known as the Bont Ticks, are a genus of hard ticks. Some are disease vectors, such as of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in United States or ehrlichiosis in Brazil.

Contents

This genus is the third largest in the family Ixodidae, after Ixodes and Haemaphysalis , with its species primarily occupying the torrid zones of all the continents. The centre of species diversity is on the American continent, where half of all the species occur. On this continent, Amblyomma species reach far beyond the torrid zone, up to the 40th parallel in the Northern Hemisphere, to the 50th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere, and even reaches the alpine zone of the Andes. They also occur in Eurasia, Africa and Australia. [1]

Evolutionary history and systematics

Amblyomma is the largest genus in the Amblyocephalus lineage, and the only member of the Amblyomminae subfamily. Modelling suggests the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the Amblyocephalus originated approximately 48 million years ago, and the genus began to diversify approximately 37 ma. [2] The Amblyomma MRCA likely evolved in a region between South America and Antarctica, lending credence to an out-of-Antarctica hypothesis for the genus' origin. A genetic divide in modern lineages between Australian Amblyomma and Amblyomma from the rest of the world supports the idea that the genus diverged in two directions out of Antarctica, with one lineage dispersing into Australian Gondwana, and another into South American Gondwana, at the end of the Eocene. [2]

Ixodidae
Ixodidae cladogram after Barker et al., (2024) [3]

The genus has historically been large, and highly varied, morphologically, making circumscription criteria in accordance with genetic phylogenies difficult to define. Following the 2020 and 2024 excision of Africaniella and Cryptocroton species, respectively, Amblyomma is now monophyletic. Many species complexes remain unresolved, however. Additionally, most Amblyomma subgenera remain polyphyletic (Cernyomma, Anastosiella, Haemalastor, Xiphiastor, Adenopleura, Aponomma, and Dermiomma), with only Amblyomma (Amblyomma) and Amblyomma (Walkeriana) being monophyletic. [4] [2]

Description

Amblyomma are medium to large, often ornamented ticks. They are subcircular to elliptical, with subpentagonal basis capituli and elongate mouthparts. Most species have eyes, except for those of the subgenus Amblyomma (Aponomma). Lateral grooves and festoons are usually distinct. Amblyomma ticks parasitise a wide range of vertebrates, except for amphibians. [5] [6]

Species

Fossil species

References

  1. ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019" . Zootaxa (Monograph). 4871 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. eISSN   1175-5326. ISBN   9781776880881. OCLC   8837433568. PMID   33311340.
  2. 1 2 3 Uribe, Juan E.; Kelava, Samuel; Nava, Santiago; Cotes-Perdomo, Andrea P.; Castro, Lyda R.; Rivera-Paéz, Fredy A.; Perea, Silvia; Mans, Ben J.; Gofton, Alexander; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Zardoya, Rafael; Barker, Stephen C. (2024-03-18). "New insights into the molecular phylogeny, biogeographical history, and diversification of Amblyomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitogenomes and nuclear sequences". Parasites & Vectors. 17 (1) 139. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06131-w . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   10946108 . PMID   38500136.
  3. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Evasco, Kimberley L.; Soennichsen, Kari F.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 5410 (1): 91–111. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5. ISSN   1175-5334.
  4. ↑ Nava, S., Guglielmone, A.A., Mangold, A.J. An overview of systematics and evolution of ticks. Front Biosci. 2009;14:2857–77.
  5. ↑ Barker, Stephen; Barker, Dayana (2023). Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia. Auckland, New Zealand: Zootaxa, Magnolia Press. p. 12. ISBN   978-1-77688-700-2.
  6. ↑ Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Elsevier. 2019. doi:10.1016/c2017-0-00210-0. ISBN   978-0-12-814043-7.
  7. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Apanaskevich, Maria A. (2018). "Description of a new species of Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of deer (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) and wild pigs (Artiodactyla: Suidae) in the Philippines". Systematic Parasitology. 95 (5): 415–425. doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9797-x. PMID   29721661. S2CID   13748257.
  8. ↑ Nava, Santiago; Mangold, Atilio J.; Mastropaolo, Mariano; Venzal, José M.; Oscherov, Elena B.; Guglielmone, Alberto A. (July 2009). "Amblyomma boeroi n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of the Chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri (Rusconi) (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in Argentina" . Systematic Parasitology. 73 (3): 161–174. doi:10.1007/s11230-009-9191-9. hdl: 11336/102022 . ISSN   0165-5752. PMID   19472076.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Nava, Santiago; Beati, Lorenza; Labruna, Marcelo B.; Cáceres, Abraham G.; Mangold, Atilio J.; Guglielmone, Alberto A. (April 2014). "Reassessment of the taxonomic status of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) with the description of three new species, Amblyomma tonelliae n. sp., Amblyomma interandinum n. sp. and Amblyomma patinoi n. sp., and reinstatement of Amblyomma mixtum Koch, 1844, and Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888 (Ixodida: Ixodidae)". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5 (3): 252–276. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.11.004. hdl: 11336/31257 . PMID   24556273 . Retrieved 2020-09-22.
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