Ixodidae

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Ixodidae
Temporal range: Cretaceous–present
Ixodus ricinus 5x.jpg
Ixodes ricinus (engorged)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Superfamily: Ixodoidea
Family: Ixodidae
C. L. Koch, 1844

The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, [1] one of the three families of ticks, consisting of 771 species, as of 2024. [2] They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a scutum or hard shield, which the other major family of ticks, the 'soft ticks' (Argasidae), lack. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of host species, and some are vectors of pathogens that can cause human disease.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Description

They are distinguished from the Argasidae by the presence of a scutum. [3] In both the nymph and the adult, a prominent gnathosoma (or capitulum, mouth and feeding parts) projects forward from the animal's body; in the Argasidae, conversely, the gnathosoma is concealed beneath the body.[ citation needed ]

They differ, too, in their lifecycle; Ixodidae that attach to a host bite painlessly and are generally unnoticed, and they remain in place until they engorge and are ready to change their skin; this process may take days or weeks. Some species drop off the host to moult in a safe place, whereas others remain on the same host and only drop off once they are ready to lay their eggs.[ citation needed ]

Classification

Ixodid wynaad.jpg

As of late 2009, there were considered to be 702 extant species in 14 genera, [4] according to Robbing et al. using the 2002 classification of Barker and Murrell.

The family contains these genera: [4] [ contradictory ]

Fossil genera

Medical importance

Many hard ticks are of considerable medical importance, acting as vectors of diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, such as Rickettsia and Borrelia . [3] Other tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, Southern tick-associated rash illness, tick-borne relapsing fever, tularemia, Colorado tick fever, Powassan encephalitis, and Q fever. [10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ixodidae". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, Maryland: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2017. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Chelicerata; Arachnida; Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea
  2. ↑ Hoogstraal, Harry; Kaiser, Makram N.; Mitchell, Richard M. (1970). "Anomalohimalaya lama, New Genus and New Species (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a Tick Parasitizing Rodents, Shrews, and Hares in the Tibetan Highland of Nepal1" . Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 63 (6): 1576–1585. doi:10.1093/aesa/63.6.1576.
  3. 1 2 D. H. Molyneux (1993). "Vectors". In Francis E. G. Cox (ed.). Modern parasitology: a textbook of parasitology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 53–74. ISBN   978-0-632-02585-5. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Alberto A. Guglielmone; Richard G. Robbing; Dmitry A. Apanaskevich; Trevor N. Petney; Agustín Estrada-Peña; Ivan G. Horak; Renfu Shao; Stephen C. Barker (2010). "The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names" (PDF). Zootaxa . 2528: 1–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2528.1.1. hdl:11336/97869. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
  5. ↑ Hornok, Sándor; Kontschán, Jenő; Takács, Nóra; Chaber, Anne-Lise; Halajian, Ali; Abichu, Getachew; Kamani, Joshua; Szekeres, Sándor; Plantard, Olivier (2020-11-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Amblyomma exornatum and Amblyomma transversale, with reinstatement of the genus Africaniella (Acari: Ixodidae) for the latter". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 11 (6): 101494. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101494. ISSN   1877-959X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  6. ↑ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (June 2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 38 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/mve.12708. ISSN   0269-283X.
  7. ↑ Barker, S. C., & Burger, T. D. (2018). Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. Gen. And Archaeocroton n. Gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “primitive” tick from the Carpathian Mountains. Zootaxa, 4500(4). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.4
  8. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Evasco, Kimberley L.; Soennichsen, Kari F.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 5410 (1): 91–111. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5. ISSN   1175-5334.
  9. ↑ Barker, S. C., & Burger, T. D. (2018). Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. Gen. And Archaeocroton n. Gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “primitive” tick from the Carpathian Mountains. Zootaxa, 4500(4). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.4
  10. ↑ "CDC - Tick-Borne Diseases - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. 2018-11-14. Archived from the original on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
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