Borrelia

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Borrelia
Borrelia burgdorferi-cropped.jpg
Borrelia burgdorferi the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis) magnified 400 times
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetota
Class: Spirochaetia
Order: Spirochaetales
Family: Borreliaceae
Genus: Borrelia
Swellengrebel, 1907
Type species
Borrelia gallinara
(Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • BorreliellaAdeolu & Gupta 2015
  • "Cacospira" Enderlein 1917
  • SpironemaBergy et al. 1923 non Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864
  • "Spiroschaudinnia" Sambon 1907

Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. [1] Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever, and are transmitted by ticks or lice, depending on the species of bacteria. [2] A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia. [3] The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia, B. anserina, and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum . [4] This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy, [5] which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. [5] Of 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 are members of the Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed), [6] 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles. [4] A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella, [7] but this change is not widely accepted. [4] This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors. [8] [9] Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting. [10]

Contents

Biology

Borrelia species are members of the family Spirochaetaceae, so present the characteristic spirochete (spiral) shape. Most species are obligate anaerobes, although some are aerotolerant. [11] Borrelia species have an outer membrane that contains a substance similar to lipopolysaccharides, an inner membrane, and a layer of peptidoglycan in a periplasmic space, which classifies them as Gram-negative. [5] However, this result is not easily visualized using Gram staining. [5] They are typically 20–30 μm long and 0.2–0.3 μm wide. [5]

Spirochetes move using axial filaments called endoflagella in their periplasmic space. [5] The filaments rotate in this space, between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer, propelling the bacterium forward in a corkscrew-like motion. [5] The outer membrane of Borrelia species contains outer surface proteins (Osp) that play a role in their virulence. [5]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [12] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [13]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 [14] [15] [16] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [17] [18] [19]
Borrelia
Relapsing fever

B. turcica

B. coriaceae

B. miyamotoi

Borrelia
Lyme disease

B. mayonii

B. americana

B. lanei

B. turdi

B. tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1997

B. californiensis

B. kurtenbachii Margos et al. 2013

B. yangtzensis

B. valaisiana

B. afzelii

B. spielmanii

B. maritima

B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997

B. garinii

B. g. gariniiBaranton et al. 1992

"B. g. bavariensis" (Margos et al. 2013)

B. japonica Kawabata et al. 1994

B. sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001

B. burgdorferi

B. bissettii

B. carolinensis Rudenko et al. 2011

Borrelia
Borrelia

"Ca. B. tachyglossi" Loh et al. 2017

B. turcica Güner et al. 2004

B. miyamotoi Fukunaga et al. 1995

B. persica(Dschunkowsky 1913) Steinhaus 1946

B. hispanica(de Buen 1926) Steinhaus 1946

B. duttonii (Novy & Knapp 1906) Bergey et al. 1925 [incl. B. crocidurae(Léger 1917) Davis 1957; B. recurrentis(Lebert 1874) Bergey et al. 1925]

B. anserina (Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925

B. hermsii (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946

B. coriaceae Johnson et al. 1987

B. turicatae (Brumpt 1933) Steinhaus 1946 [incl. B. parkeri(Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946; "B. puertoricensis" Bermudez et al. 2021; B. venezuelensis(Brumpt 1921) Brumpt 1922]

Borreliella

"B. chilensis" (Ivanova et al. 2014) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

B. japonica (Kawabata et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

Borrelia maritimaMargos et al. 2020

B. valaisiana (Wang et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. yangtzensis(Margos et al. 2015) Gupta 2020

B. afzelii (Canica et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. spielmanii (Richter et al. 2006) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

B. garinii (Baranton et al. 1992) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 [incl. B. bavariensis(Margos et al. 2013) Adeolu & Gupta 2015]

" B. turdi " (Fukunaga et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

B. mayonii (Pritt et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. bissettii (Margos et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. californiensis (Margos et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. americana (Rudenko et al. 2010) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. lanei (Margos et al. 2017) Gupta 2020

B. burgdorferi (Johnson et al. 1984) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

"B. finlandensis" (Casjens et al. 2011) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

Species incertae sedis::

Vectors

Ticks

Hard ticks of the family Ixodidae are common vectors of Borellia bacteria [20] and are the only type of ticks shown to transmit Lyme disease bacteria to humans. [21] Some tick species of the Ambylomma genus are vectors of Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis in South America. [3]

Global hard tick species that cause Lyme disease [8]
RegionTick speciesCommon name
East and Midwest (US) Ixodes scapularis Black-legged tick, deer tick
Pacific Coast (US) Ixodes pacificus Western black-legged tick
Europe Ixodes ricinus Sheep tick
Asia Ixodes persulcatus Taiga tick

Other species are carried by soft ticks. The soft tick Ornithodoros carries the species of Borellia that cause relapsing fever. [9] Another species, B. anserina, is carried by the soft tick Argas . [4] Inside the ticks, the bacteria grow in the midgut and then travel to the salivary glands to be transmitted to a new host. [21] Ticks can spread the bacteria to each other when co-feeding. [20] If an animal has been infected by a tick and then is bitten by a second tick, the second tick can become infected. [22] The bacteria are most commonly transmitted to humans through ticks in the nymph stage of development, because they are smaller and less likely to be noticed and removed. [22] The ticks must have around 36 to 48 hours of contact with a host to successfully transmit the bacteria. [22]

Lice

Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the hemolymph and gut of the lice. [9] When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. [9] The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that no credible evidence shows that lice can carry Borrelia. [22]

Lyme disease

Of the 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 belong to the Lyme disease group and are transmitted by ticks. [4] Eight are known to cause Lyme disease or Borreliosis. [6] The major Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi , Borrelia afzelii , and Borrelia garinii . [23] All species that cause Lyme disease are referred to collectively as B. burgdorferisensu lato, [10] while B. burgdorferi itself is specified as B. burgdorferisensu stricto. [10] [21] B. burgdorferi was previously believed to be the only species to cause Lyme disease in the US, but B. bissettiae and a new species called B. mayonii cause Lyme disease in the US, as well. [23] The remaining five human pathogenic species occur only in Europe and Asia.

Relapsing fever

Relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis often occurs with severe bacteremia. [24] Twenty-five species of Borrelia are known to cause relapsing fever. [25] While most species use the soft tick family Argasidae as their vector, some outliers live in hard ticks or lice. [25] Relapsing fever can be spread epidemically through lice or endemically through ticks. [9]

B. recurrentis, a common species underlying relapsing fever, is transmitted by the human body louse; no other animal reservoir of B. recurrentis is known. [9] B. recurrentis infects the person via mucous membranes and then invades the bloodstream. [9]

Other tick-borne relapsing infections are acquired from other species, such as B. hermsii , B. parkeri , or B. miyamotoi , [26] which can be spread from rodents, and serve as a reservoir for the infection, via a tick vector. B. hermsii and B. recurrentis cause very similar diseases, although the disease associated with B. hermsii has more relapses and is responsible for more fatalities, while the disease caused by B. recurrentis has longer febrile and afebrile intervals and a longer incubation period.

Diagnosis

Direct tests include culture of Borrelia from skin, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and detection of genetic material by polymerase chain reaction in skin, blood, or synovial fluid. Two-tiered serological testing is performed for differential diagnosis of Borrelia infection. The first-tier tests detect specific antibodies (IgM and IgG together or separately) and include enzyme-linked immunoassays (e.g. ELISAs) and immunofluorescent assays. Positive results for first-tier tests are confirmed using second-tier testing. The second tier consists of standardized immunoblotting, either by using Western blots or blots striped with diagnostically important purified antigens. Positive results for second-tier tests are confirmatory for the presence of Borrelia infection. [10] [27] Spirochetes can also be seen using Wright-stained blood smears. [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spirochaete</span> Phylum of bacteria

A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota, which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyme disease</span> Infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, spread by ticks

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a vector-borne disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, which are spread by ticks in the genus Ixodes. The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Early diagnosis can be difficult. Other early symptoms may include fever, headaches and tiredness. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness or heart palpitations. Months to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur. Occasionally, shooting pains or tingling in the arms and legs may develop. Despite appropriate treatment, about 10 to 20% of those affected develop joint pains, memory problems, and tiredness for at least six months.

Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to affect ~80 % of cattle worldwide. Most of these pathogens require passage through vertebrate hosts as part of their life cycle. Tick-borne infections in humans, farm animals, and companion animals are primarily associated with wildlife animal reservoirs. many tick-borne infections in humans involve a complex cycle between wildlife animal reservoirs and tick vectors. The survival and transmission of these tick-borne viruses are closely linked to their interactions with tick vectors and host cells. These viruses are classified into different families, including Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae.

<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> Species of bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America. Borrelia species are Gram-negative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-footed mouse</span> Species of mammal

The white-footed mouse is a rodent native to North America from Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and the Maritime Provinces to the southwestern United States and Mexico. In the Maritimes, its only location is a disjunct population in southern Nova Scotia. It is also known as the woodmouse, particularly in Texas.

<i>Dermacentor variabilis</i> Species of tick

Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. It is one of the best-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host. It may take several days for the host to experience symptoms.

Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus Borrelia, which is transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willy Burgdorfer</span> Swiss-born American entomologist

Wilhelm Burgdorfer was a Swiss-American scientist and an international leader in the field of medical entomology. He discovered the bacterial pathogen that causes Lyme disease, a spirochete named Borrelia burgdorferi in his honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyme disease microbiology</span>

Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, which has 52 known species. Three main species are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathogenic. Borrelia species in the species complex known to cause Lyme disease are collectively called Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato (s.l.) not to be confused with the single species in that complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto which is responsible for nearly all cases of Lyme disease in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern tick-associated rash illness</span> Medical condition

Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) is an emerging infectious disease related to Lyme disease that occurs in southeastern and south-central United States. It is spread by tick bites and it was hypothesized that the illness was caused by the bacteria Borrelia lonestari. However, there is insufficient evidence to declare this Borrelia strain as a causative agent.

<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i> Species of bacterium

Borrelia recurrentis is a species of Borrelia, a spirochaete bacterium associated with relapsing fever. B. recurrentis is usually transmitted from person to person by the human body louse. Since the 1800s, the body louse has been known as its only known vector.

<i>Ornithodoros moubata</i> Species of tick

Ornithodoros moubata, commonly known as the African hut tampan or the eyeless tampan, is a species of tick in the family Argasidae. It is an ectoparasite and vector of relapsing fever in humans, and African swine fever in pigs.

Borrelia miyamotoi is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus Borrelia. A zoonotic organism, B. miyamotoi can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell Ixodes ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread B. burgdorferi, the causative bacterium of Lyme disease. Ixodes ticks are also the primary vector in the spread of babesiosis and anaplasmosis.

Borrelia spielmanii is a spirochete bacterium; it routinely infects Ixodes ricinus, and subsequently humans, causing Lyme disease.

Borrelia lusitaniae is a bacterium of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia, which has a diderm (double-membrane) envelope. It is a part of the Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato genospecies and is a Gram-negative bacterium. B. lusitaniae is tick-borne; he type strain is PotiB2. It can be pathogenic, being involved in cases of Lyme borreliosis. A species of tick, Ixodes ricinus, is the host of B. lusitaniae. It is thought to have originated from Portugal and has since spread to parts of Europe and North Africa. Lizards of the family Lacertidae are now believed to be important reservoir hosts of this bacterium.

Borrelia bissettiae is a spirochete bacterium. The type strain is strain DN127. It is pathogenic and causes Lyme borreliosis in the Americas and Eurasia.

Borrelia kurtenbachii is a spirochete bacterium; it can be pathogenic, being involved in cases of Lyme borreliosis.

Borrelia coriaceae is a species of spirochete bacteria and member of the genus Borrelia. Strains of this species have been isolated from the soft tick Ornithodoros coriaceus and from mule deer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome</span> Medical condition

The Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome, formerly known as the Brazilian Lyme-like disease and Brazilian human borreliosis, is a disease transmitted by the Amblyomma cajennense tick, but the organism that causes the infection is still unknown. Clinical features resemble those of Lyme disease (LD).

Borrelia mayonii is a Gram-negative, host-associated spirochete that is capable of causing Lyme disease. This organism can infect various vertebrate hosts such as humans via the bite of a black legged tick.

References

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  11. ↑ De Martino SJ, Sordet C, Piémont Y, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Thaddée Vetter M, Monteil H, et al. (October 2006). "Enhanced culture of Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii strains on a solid BSK-based medium in anaerobic conditions". Research in Microbiology. 157 (8): 726–729. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2006.05.002. PMID   16814991.
  12. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Borrelia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  13. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Borrelia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  14. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  15. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  16. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ↑ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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  23. 1 2 "Borrelia mayonii | Ticks | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  24. ↑ Guo BP, Teneberg S, Münch R, Terunuma D, Hatano K, Matsuoka K, et al. (November 2009). "Relapsing fever Borrelia binds to neolacto glycans and mediates rosetting of human erythrocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (46): 19280–19285. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10619280G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905470106 . PMC   2771742 . PMID   19884498.
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