Ixodes

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Ixodes
Temporal range: Cenomanian–present
Ixodus ricinus 5x.jpg
Ixodes ricinus , engorged
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Ixodes
Latreille, 1795  [1]
Type species
Acarus ricinus
Species

274 extant, 2 extinct, see text.

Ixodes hexagonus Ixodes hexagonus (aka).jpg
Ixodes hexagonus
Ixodes pacificus Ixodes pacificus.tif
Ixodes pacificus
Ixodes ricinus IxodesRicinus2048.jpg
Ixodes ricinus
Ixodes scapularis Adult deer tick(cropped).jpg
Ixodes scapularis
Ixodes uriae Ixodes uriae 1876 - detail.jpg
Ixodes uriae

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus ) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi [3] responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia , which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma , which cause anaplasmosis.

Contents

Ecology and distribution

Ixodes species have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found across all major biogeographic realms, including Antarctica, being found on seabirds and in penguin rookeries. The genus parasitises a wide range of mammal, bird and reptile hosts across the world, although rodents and passerine birds are the most common hosts, especially in the Americas. [4]

Description and systematics

Ixodes is the sole representative of the Prostriata clade of the Ixodidae. Prostriate ticks are distinguished from the Metastriata with reference to the position of the anal groove. In Ixodes species, the groove loops anterior to the anus, whereas in Ambloymma , for example, the groove is positioned posterior to the anus. Ixodes species are small to medium-sized ticks, with a usually pyriform or ovate body profile. Mouthparts are anterior in both sexes, but usually long and slender in females, and short in males. Males have sclerotised adanal plates. Ixodes species are eyeless. [5]

Ixodidae
Ixodidae cladogram after Barker et al., (2024) [6]


Taxonomy

Ixodes contains 274 species. [7] Classification, recognition and phylogenetic resolution of the Ixodes subgenera is ongoing. As many as 24 subgenera have been recognised by different authors. All are included here for completeness. [8] [9] [10]

Subgenera

  • AfrixodesMorel, 1966 [11]
  • AlloixodesČerný, 1969 [12]
  • AmerixodesMorel, 1998 [13]
  • AustralixodesBarker & Barker et al., 2023 [14]
  • CeratixodesNeumann, 1902 [15]
  • CoxixodesSchulze, 1941 [14]
  • EndopalpigerSchulze, 1935 [16]
  • EschatocephalusFrauenfeld, 1853 [17]
  • ExopalpigerSchulze, 1935 [18]
  • FilippoviellaApanaskevich, Greiman, Fedorov, Ahmed & Barker [19]
  • HaemixodesKohls & Clifford, 1967 [20]
  • IndixodesMorel, 1998 [13] [21]
  • IxodesLatreille, 1795 [8]
  • IxodiopsisFilippova (1957) [22] [23]
  • LepidixodesSchulze, 1935 [24]
  • MonoindexEmelyanova & Kozlovskaya, 1968 [25] [26]
  • MultidentatusNeumann, 1904 [27]
  • PartipalpigerHoogstraal et al., 1973 [28]
  • PholeoixodesSchulze, 1942 [29]
  • Pomerantzevella Feider, 1965 [30] [31]
  • ScaphixodesSchulze, 1941 [32]
  • SternalixodesSchulze, 1935 [8]
  • TrichotoixodesReznik, 1961 [33]
  • XiphixodesSchulze, 1941 [34]

Species

Fossil Species

Fossil species Ixodes antiquorum from Burmese amber (~99 Ma) Ixodes antiquorum.png
Fossil species Ixodes antiquorum from Burmese amber (~99 Ma)

Three fossil species of Ixodes are known from amber deposits ranging from the Cretaceous to the Eocene:

Notes

  1. ↑ Sometimes listed as a synonym of I. ovatus
  2. ↑ Ixodes tertiarius is a nomen dubium , and should be excluded from the fossil record

Additional Readings

Refer to the following external links for recent changes to Ixodes taxonomy:

References

  1. ↑ Valeria Castilho Onofrio; Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti; Marcelo Bahia Labruna; João Luiz Horácio Faccini (2009). "Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil". Systematic Parasitology . 72 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1007/s11230-008-9169-z. PMID   19115087. S2CID   19483827.
  2. ↑ Deane Philip Furman; Edmond C. Loomis (1984). "Genus Ixodes Latreille". The Ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey. Vol. 25. University of California Press. pp. 47–77. ISBN   978-0-520-09685-1.
  3. ↑ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 334. ISBN   978-0-7817-8215-9.
  4. ↑ Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Nava, Santiago (2023-02-21). "Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events". Parasites & Vectors. 16 (1): 75. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMID   36810195.
  5. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Barker, Dayana (2023-03-08). "Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia". Zootaxa. 5253 (1): 1–670. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5253.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   37044756.
  6. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Evasco, Kimberley L.; Soennichsen, Kari F.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 5410 (1): 91–111. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5. ISSN   1175-5334.
  7. ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Robbins, Richard G. (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa. 4871 (1): 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334.
  8. 1 2 3 Barker, Dayana; Seeman, Owen D.; Barker, Stephen C. (2021-09-20). "The development of tick taxonomy and systematics in Australia and Papua New Guinea through the works of five late 20th century contributors and with comments on the place of Australasia in the study of the phylogeny and evolution of the ticks". Systematic and Applied Acarology: 1793–1832. doi:10.11158/saa.26.10.1. ISSN   2056-6069.
  9. ↑ Barker, Dayana; Kelava, Samuel; Seeman, Owen D.; Shao, Renfu; Seaniger, James R.; Jones, Malcolm K.; Apanaskevich, Maria A.; Nakao, Ryo; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Barker, Stephen C. (2022-08-01). "Rediscovery of Ixodes confusus in Australia with the first description of the male from Australia, a redescription of the female and the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five species of Ixodes". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 18: 1–11. Bibcode:2022IJPPW..18....1B. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.006. ISSN   2213-2244. PMC   8971345 . PMID   35371916.
  10. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuael; Heath, Allen C. G.; Seeman, Owen D.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Mans, Ben J.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Byrne, Andrew F.; Ito, Takuya; Tan, Craig J.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2023-08-10). "A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences". Zootaxa. 5325 (4): 529–540. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   38220895.
  11. ↑ Morel, P. C. (1966). Sur quelques larves d'Ixodes Latreille, 1796, d'Afrique (Acariens, Ixodoidea). Acarologia, 8, 208-221.
  12. ↑ Cerny, V. (1969). Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. Folia Parasitologica (PRAHA), 16, 279-284.
  13. 1 2 Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F., & Morel, P. C. (1998). The ticks of the world (Acarida, Ixodida): nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution.
  14. 1 2 Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuael; Heath, Allen C. G.; Seeman, Owen D.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Mans, Ben J.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Byrne, Andrew F.; Ito, Takuya; Tan, Craig J.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2023-08-10). "A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences". Zootaxa. 5325 (4): 529–540. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4. ISSN   1175-5334.
  15. ↑ Neumann, L.G., 1902. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 15:125–130
  16. ↑ Schulze, P., 1935. Zur vergleichenden anatomie der zecken. (Das sternale, die mundwerkzeuge, analfurchen und analbeschilderung, ihre bedeutung, ursprünglichkeit und luxurieren.). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und ¨Okologie der Tiere 30, 1–40
  17. ↑ Frauenfeld, G. (1853). Eschatocephalus gracilipes. Verhandlungen des KK.
  18. ↑ Filippova, N. A. (2010-09-01). "Uncommon zoogeographical connections in the subgenus Exopalpiger Schultze of the genus Ixodes Latreille (Acari, Ixodidae)". Entomological Review. 90 (6): 793–797. Bibcode:2010EntRv..90..793F. doi:10.1134/S0013873810060151. ISSN   1555-6689.
  19. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Greiman, Stephen E.; Fedorov, Denis S.; Ahmed, Rokeya; Barker, Stephen C. (2024-04-22). "A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia". Zootaxa. 5443 (2): 224–236. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5443.2.5. ISSN   1175-5334.
  20. ↑ IRMNG: Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford 1967
  21. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Greiman, Stephen E.; Fedorov, Denis S.; Ahmed, Rokeya; Barker, Stephen C. (2024-04-22). "A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia". Zootaxa. 5443 (2): 224–236. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5443.2.5. ISSN   1175-5334.
  22. ↑ Filippova, IN. A. 1957. Ixodes stromi, new species of tick and its systematic position in Ixodinae. Zool. Zh.36: 864-869 (in Russian, with English summary [English translation: NAMRU-3-T69]).
  23. ↑ Robbins, Richard G.; Keirans, James E. (1987-05-01). "Ixodes (Ixodiopsis) woodi (Acari: Ixodidae): Description of the Larva and Redescription of the Nymph". Journal of Medical Entomology. 24 (3): 310–314. doi:10.1093/jmedent/24.3.310. ISSN   1938-2928. PMID   3585925.
  24. ↑ Clifford, Carleton M.; Sonenshine, Daniel E.; Keirans, James E.; Kohls, Glen M. (1973-05-15). "Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 66 (3): 489–500. doi:10.1093/aesa/66.3.489. ISSN   1938-2901.
  25. ↑ Filippova NA. 1977. Ixodid Ticks of the Subfamily Ixodinae. Leningrad: Izd. Nauka, 393 pp. (In Russian)
  26. ↑ Emelyanova, N. D., & Kozlovskaya, O. L. (1968). A NEW SPECIES AND SUBGENUS OF THE GENUS IXODES LATR. (PARASITIFORMES, IXODIDAE) FROM THE FAR EAST OF U.S.S.R.
  27. ↑ Neumann, L.G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodidés. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444–464.
  28. ↑ Hoogstraal, Harry; Clifford, Carleton M.; Saito, Yutaka; Keirans, James E. (1973-04-25). "Ixodes (Partipalpiger) Ovatus Neumann, Subgen. Nov.: Identity, Hosts, Ecology, and Distribution (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)1". Journal of Medical Entomology. 10 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1093/jmedent/10.2.157. ISSN   1938-2928. PMID   4732945.
  29. ↑ Krumpálová, Zuzana; Mangová, Barbara; Purgatová, Slávka; Didyk, Yuliya M.; Kazimírová, Mária (2023-04-21). "Molecular characterisation of three Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) species (Ixodida, Ixodidae) and the first record of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) kaiseri from Slovakia". ZooKeys (1158): 147–162. Bibcode:2023ZooK.1158..147K. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1158.101936 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   10193145 . PMID   37215694.
  30. ↑ M., Clifford, Carleton; E., Sonenshine, Daniel; E., Keirans, James; M., Kohls, Glen (1973-05-15). "Systematics of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. the Subgenera of Ixodes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 66 (3). doi:10.1093/ae (inactive 20 October 2025). ISSN   0013-8746. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2025 (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Feider, Z. 1965. Acaromorpha Superfamilia Ixodoidea. In Fauna Republicii Populare Romane, Arachnida vol. 4:1-406
  32. ↑ Schulze, P. (1941). "Das Geruchsorgan Der Zecken. Untersuchungen Über Die Abwandlungen Eines Sinnesorgans Und Seine Stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere. 37 (3): 491–564. doi:10.1007/BF00408327. ISSN   0372-9389. JSTOR   43261795.
  33. ↑ Reznik, P.A., 1961. Contribution to study of immature stages of the tick family Ixodidae. Communication six. Description of Ixodes frontalis Panz. larvae and nymphs and Ixodes redikorzevi Ol. larvae. Tr. Nauchno-Issled. Protivochumnogo Inst. Kavk. Zakavk. 5, 276–286
  34. ↑ Schulze, P. (1941). "Das Geruchsorgan Der Zecken. Untersuchungen Über Die Abwandlungen Eines Sinnesorgans Und Seine Stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere. 37 (3): 491–564. doi:10.1007/BF00408327. ISSN   0372-9389. JSTOR   43261795.
  35. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2024-07-02). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) in Malaysia and Vietnam". Systematic Parasitology. 101 (4) 48. doi:10.1007/s11230-024-10172-1. ISSN   1573-5192.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Schenk, John J. (2020). "Description of five new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. luxuriosus Schulze, 1935, I. steini Schulze, 1935 and I. zaglossi Kohls, 1960, parasites of marsupials, rodents and echidnas in New Guinea Island". Systematic Parasitology. 97 (3): 223–266. doi:10.1007/s11230-020-09909-5. PMID   32328810. S2CID   216085891.
  37. ↑ Aftisse, Lydia; Merabet, Samira; Keskin, Adem; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2024-11-17). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) in Algeria". Systematic Parasitology. 102 (1): 5. doi:10.1007/s11230-024-10197-6. ISSN   1573-5192. PMID   39551907.
  38. ↑ Englert, Mackenzie C.; Goodman, Steven M.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2023-12-01). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) and rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) on Madagascar". Systematic Parasitology. 100 (6): 745–750. doi:10.1007/s11230-023-10122-3. ISSN   1573-5192.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Arthur, Don Ramsay (1958). "New species of Ixodes ticks from eastern Africa, with a description of the male and nymph of Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913". Parasitology. 48 (1–2): 38–69. doi:10.1017/S0031182000021053. PMID   13566853.
  40. ↑ Barker, Dayana (2019). "Ixodes barkeri n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from the short-beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, with a revised key to the male Ixodes of Australia, and list of the subgenera and species of Ixodes known to occur in Australia". Zootaxa. 4658 (2): 331–342. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.7. PMID   31716747. S2CID   202031409.
  41. ↑ Keirans, James E.; Lacombe, Eleanor H. (1998). "First Records of Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes (Ixodes) dentatus, and Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine". The Journal of Parasitology. 84 (3). [The American Society of Parasitologists, Allen Press]: 629–631. doi:10.2307/3284739. JSTOR   3284739.
  42. ↑ Barker, Dayana; Kelava, Samuel; Seeman, Owen D.; Shao, Renfu; Seaniger, James R.; Jones, Malcolm K.; Apanaskevich, Maria A.; Nakao, Ryo; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Barker, Stephen C. (2022-08-01). "Rediscovery of Ixodes confusus in Australia with the first description of the male from Australia, a redescription of the female and the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five species of Ixodes". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 18: 1–11. Bibcode:2022IJPPW..18....1B. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.006. ISSN   2213-2244. PMC   8971345 . PMID   35371916.
  43. ↑ Contini, C.; Palmas, C.; Seu, V.; Stancampiano, L.; Usai, F. (2011). "Redescription of the male of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on specimens from Sardinia (Italy)". Parasite. 18 (3): 235–240. doi:10.1051/parasite/2011183235. PMC   3671470 . PMID   21894264. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  44. 1 2 3 Hornok, Sándor; Keskin, Adem; Uspensky, Igor; Kontschán, Jenő; Takács, Nóra; Lesiczka, Paulina; Warbroek, Tim; van den Bosch, Tijs J. M.; Keve, Gergő; Pitó, Andor; Sándor, Attila D. (2025-09-19). "Updates on subgenus Ixodes in the Mediterranean region: validity of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926, reinstatement of Ixodes tatei Arthur, 1959, and a new species closely related to Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916". International Journal for Parasitology. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.09.002. ISSN   0020-7519.
  45. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Lemon, Howard E. (2018). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. priscicollaris Schulze, 1932, parasites of New Guinea rodents (Rodentia: Muridae)". Systematic Parasitology. 95 (4): 373–382. doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9786-0. PMID   29536248. S2CID   4504691. Ixodes goliath n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described based on females collected from the eastern hyomys, Hyomys goliath (Milne-Edwards) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua New Guinea.
  46. ↑ Kwak, M. L.; Madden, C.; Wicker, L. (2018). "Ixodes heathi n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a co-endangered tick from the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), with notes on its biology and conservation". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 76 (3): 413–419. doi:10.1007/s10493-018-0312-5. PMID   30302626. S2CID   52945250. A new species of co-endangered tick, Ixodes heathi n. sp., is described from specimens of the nymph collected on the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus Broom) from the alpine region of Victoria, Australia. Its biology is discussed along with strategies for its conservation.
  47. ↑ Duan, De-Yong; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Liu, Lei; Liu, Guo-Hua; Cheng, Tian-Yin (2022). "Identification of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of hog badgers (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in China". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 36 (4): 444–455. doi:10.1111/mve.12582. ISSN   1365-2915. PMID   35588433.
  48. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Drew, Carley E.; Pienaar, Ronel (2025-08-27). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and notes on I. spinae Arthur, 1958, parasites of the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis (Pallas) (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) in South Africa". Systematic Parasitology. 102 (5): 53. doi:10.1007/s11230-025-10248-6. ISSN   1573-5192.
  49. ↑ Hornok, Sándor; Kontschán, Jenő; Takano, Ai; Gotoh, Yasuhiro; Hassanin, Alexandre; Tu, Vuong Tan (2024-10-14). "Description of Ixodes lanigeri sp. nov., a new hard tick species (Acari, Ixodidae) collected from mouse-eared bats (Vespertilionidae, Myotis) in Vietnam". ZooKeys (1215): 107–125. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1215..107H. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1215.123624 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   11494211 . PMID   39440030.
  50. ↑ Apanaskevich, D. A.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S. M. (2013). "A new Ixodes species (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar". Journal of Parasitology . 99 (6): 970–972. doi:10.1645/13-306.1. PMC   4833386 . PMID   23901784.
  51. ↑ Backus, Laura H.; Foley, Janet E.; Hobbs, Guy B.; Bai, Ying; Beati, Lorenza (2022-11-01). "A new species of tick, Ixodes (Ixodes) mojavensis (Acari: Ixodidae), from the Amargosa Valley of California". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 13 (6) 102020. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102020. ISSN   1877-959X. PMC   10917073 . PMID   35987116.
  52. ↑ Kitaoka, Shigeo; Suzuki, Hiroshi (1983). "Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Tropical Medicine. 25 (4): 205–219. hdl:10069/4366. Ixodes siamensis sp. n. is the second species of the subgenus Paltipalpiger.
  53. ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Robbins, Richard G.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Horak, Ivan G. (2009). "Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008". Experimental and Applied Acarology . 48 (4): 311–327. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2. hdl: 2263/13757 . PMID   19169832. S2CID   29053875. We consider the following 40 names valid…Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983.
  54. ↑ Bottero, Maria N. Saracho; Beati, Lorenza; Venzal, José M.; Guardia, Leonor; Thompson, Carolina S.; Mangold, Atilio J.; Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Nava, Santiago (2021-01-01). "Ixodes silvanus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a new member of the subgenus Trichotoixodes Reznik, 1961 from northwestern Argentina". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 12 (1) 101572. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101572. ISSN   1877-959X. PMID   33068841.
  55. 1 2 3 Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Goodman, Steven M. (2020-12-01). "Description of three new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasites of tenrecs (Afrotheria: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar". Systematic Parasitology. 97 (6): 623–637. doi:10.1007/s11230-020-09944-2. ISSN   1573-5192.
  56. ↑ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Bunn, Kennedy G. (2025-07-19). "Description of a new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae), parasite of the Mexican spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys irroratus Gray (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Mexico". Systematic Parasitology. 102 (4): 46. doi:10.1007/s11230-025-10245-9. ISSN   1573-5192. PMID   40682685.
  57. ↑ Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia; Mans, Ben J.; Handschuh, Stephan; Dunlop, Jason A. (2022). "A remarkable assemblage of ticks from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Parasitology. 149 (6): 820–830. doi:10.1017/S0031182022000269. ISSN   0031-1820. PMID   35241194.
  58. ↑ Dunlop, Jason A.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Lehmann, Jens; Hoffmann, René; Fusseis, Florian; Ehlke, Moritz; Zachow, Stefan; Xiao, Xianghui (2016-10-10). "Microtomography of the Baltic amber tick Ixodes succineus reveals affinities with the modern Asian disease vector Ixodes ovatus". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 203. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16..203D. doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0777-y . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   5057450 . PMID   27724841.
  59. ↑ Weidner H. Eine Zecke, Ixodes succineus sp. n., im baltischen Bernstein. Veröffent Übersee-Mus Bremen. 1964;3:143–51
  60. ↑ Dunlop, J.A. (2011-12-20). "The fate and status of the supposed fossil tick Ixodes tertiarius Scudder, 1885". Acarologia. 51 (4): 399–404. doi:10.1051/acarologia/20112021. ISSN   0044-586X.
  61. ↑ Scudder S. H. 1885 — 3. Classe. Arachnoidea. Spinnen. Skorpione. — In: Zittel, K. A. (Ed.) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abtheilung. Palaeozoologie 2. München & Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg. p. 732-746.
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