Southern tick-associated rash illness

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Southern tick-associated rash illness
Other namesMasters' disease
Amblyomma americanum tick.jpg
Lone star ticks can be carriers of southern tick-associated rash illness.
Specialty Infectious disease

Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) is a tick-borne disease resembling a mild form of Lyme disease, which occurs in southeastern and south-central United States. It is spread by bites from the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum . The actual cause is still unknown.

Contents

Signs and symptoms

"Bull's-eye" STARI rash STARI Rash.jpg
"Bull's-eye" STARI rash

Diagnosis is based on a circular "bull's-eye" rash at the site of infection called erythema chronicum migrans, which is very similar to that seen in Lyme disease. However, the symptoms of STARI are mild and resemble influenza, with fatigue, muscle pains, and headache. [1] Fever is sometimes seen, but is not characteristic.

Geography

As of 2018, most cases were from Southeastern Missouri, a few were from South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and one case each in Mississippi and Long Island, New York. [2]

Cause

The illness, first described in 1997, is a tick-borne disease carried by the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum . The tick had first been proposed as a possible vector of disease in 1984, [3] and the illnesses associated with the tick was called "Lyme-like disease", [4] but it was not recognized to be distinct from Lyme disease until the late 1990s. [5] [1]

In 2004, the disease was suggested to be caused by the related bacterium Borrelia lonestari , [6] [7] which is a spirochete first isolated in culture in 2004. [8] However, the conclusion has been controversial since the spirochete has not been detected in many cases of the syndrome, [9] which has led some authors to argue that the illness is not caused by a bacterial pathogen. [10] Several studies have failed to detect Borrelia burgdorferi , which is the causative agent of Lyme disease, in patients from the southern United States. [11] [9]

It has been suggested that tick salivary toxins may play a role, as the toxins are similar to spiders, scorpions, and homologous to those found in snakes. [2]

Treatment

Infections are treated with antibiotics, particularly doxycycline, and the acute symptoms appear to respond to these drugs. [7] [12]

Prognosis

No serious long-term effects are known for this disease, [12] but preliminary evidence suggests, if such symptoms do occur, they are less severe than those associated with Lyme disease. [6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Kirkland KB, Klimko TB, Meriwether RA, et al. (1997). "Erythema migrans-like rash illness at a camp in North Carolina: a new tick-borne disease?". Arch. Intern. Med. 157 (22): 2635–41. doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440430117014. PMID   9531233.
  2. 1 2 Kannangara DW, Patel P (December 2018). "Report of Non-Lyme, Erythema Migrans Rashes from New Jersey with a Review of Possible Role of Tick Salivary Toxins". Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 18 (12): 641–652. doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2278. ISSN   1557-7759. PMID   30129909.
  3. ↑ Schulze TL, Bowen GS, Bosler EM, et al. (May 1984). "Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of Lyme disease in New Jersey". Science. 224 (4649): 601–3. Bibcode:1984Sci...224..601S. doi:10.1126/science.6710158. PMID   6710158.
  4. ↑ Masters EJ, Donnell HD (July 1995). "Lyme and/or Lyme-like disease in Missouri". Missouri Medicine. 92 (7): 346–53. PMID   7651314.
  5. ↑ Masters E, Granter S, Duray P, Cordes P (August 1998). "Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following Lone Star tick bites". Arch Dermatol. 134 (8): 955–60. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.955. PMID   9722725. S2CID   25606594.
  6. 1 2 Masters EJ, Grigery CN, Masters RW (June 2008). "STARI, or Masters disease: Lone Star tick-vectored Lyme-like illness". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 22 (2): 361–76, viii. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.010. PMID   18452807.
  7. 1 2 James AM, Liveris D, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Montecalvo MA, Johnson BJ (June 2001). "Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick". J. Infect. Dis. 183 (12): 1810–4. doi: 10.1086/320721 . PMID   11372036.
  8. ↑ Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, et al. (March 2004). "First Culture Isolation of Borrelia lonestari, Putative Agent of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness". J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (3): 1163–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.3.1163-1169.2004. PMC   356874 . PMID   15004069.
  9. 1 2 Wormser GP, Masters E, Liveris D, et al. (February 2005). "Microbiologic Evaluation of Patients from Missouri with Erythema Migrans". Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 (3): 423–8. doi:10.1086/427289. PMC   2773674 . PMID   15668867.
  10. ↑ Dennis DT. (2006). "Reply to Masters. "Lyme-Like Illness Currently Deserves Lyme-Like Treatment"". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 42 (4): 581–582. doi: 10.1086/500018 . PMID   16421811.
  11. ↑ Philipp MT, Masters E, Wormser GP, Hogrefe W, Martin D (October 2006). "Serologic Evaluation of Patients from Missouri with Erythema Migrans-Like Skin Lesions with the C6 Lyme Test". Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13 (10): 1170–1. doi:10.1128/CVI.00238-06. PMC   1595329 . PMID   17028220.
  12. 1 2 Blanton L, Keith B, Brzezinski W (June 2008). "Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness: Erythema Migrans Is Not Always Lyme Disease". South. Med. J. 101 (7): 759–760. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31817a8b3f. PMID   18580719.
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