Rhipicephalus sanguineus

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Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Rhipicephalus sanguineus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Rhipicephalus
Species:
R. sanguineus
Binomial name
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
(Latreille, 1806)
Synonyms
  • Boophilus dugesiDönitz, 1907
  • Eurhipicephalus sanguineusStephens & Christophers, 1908
  • Ixodes dugesiGervais, 1844
  • Ixodes hexagonus sanguineusSéguy, 1935
  • Ixodes linnaeiAudouin, 1826
  • Ixodes plumbeusDugès, 1834 (misapplied name)
  • Ixodes sanguineusLatreille, 1806
  • Rhipicephalus beccariiPavesi, 1883
  • Rhipicephalus bhamensisSupino, 1897 (ambiguous synonym)
  • Rhipicephalus brevicepsWarburton, 1910
  • Rhipicephalus brevicollisNeumann, 1897
  • Rhipicephalus carinatusFrauenfeld, 1867
  • Rhipicephalus dugesiNeumann, 1911 (misapplied name)
  • Rhipicephalus flavusSupino, 1897 (ambiguous synonym)
  • Rhipicephalus limbatusKoch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus linneiKoch, 1844 (misapplied name)
  • Rhipicephalus macropisSchulze, 1936
  • Rhipicephalus rubicundusFrauenfeld, 1867
  • Rhipicephalus rutilusKoch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus sanguineus brevicollisNeumann, 1904
  • Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineusNeumann, 1911
  • Rhipicephalus siculusKoch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus stigmaticusGerstäcker, 1873
  • Rhipicephalus texanusBanks, 1908
  • Rhipicephalus (Eurhipicephalus) sanguineusNeumann, 1904
  • Rhipicephalus (Eurhipicephalus) sanguineus brevicollisNeumann, 1904
  • Rhipicephalus (Rhipicephalus) sanguineusSantos Dias, 1955
  • Rhipicephalus (Rhipicephalus) sanguineus sanguineusSantos Dias, 1955

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly called the brown dog tick, kennel tick, [1] or pantropical dog tick, [1] is a species of tick found worldwide, but more commonly in warmer climates. This species is unusual among ticks in that its entire lifecycle can be completed indoors. [2] The brown dog tick is easily recognized by its reddish-brown color, elongated body shape, and hexagonal basis capituli (flat surface where mouthparts are attached). Adults are 2.28 to 3.18 mm in length and 1.11 to 1.68 mm in width. They do not have ornamentation on their backs. [3]

Contents

Development

The tick follows the normal developmental stages of egg, larva, nymph, and adult. It is called a three-host tick because it feeds on a different host during each of the larval, nymphal, and adult stages. However, the hosts tend to be of one species. Larvae feed for 5–15 days, drop from the host, and develop into nymphs after 1–2 weeks. The nymphs then attach to either the previous host or a different host and feed for 3–13 days before dropping from the host. After two weeks, they develop into adults and attach to another host where they continue to ingest blood, followed by a period of mating. [4] The females drop yet again in order to lay their eggs, which can total up to 7,000 in number. [5]

Rhipicephalus sanguineus can acquire bacterial or protozoal causative agents of disease at any of these life stages. [6]

Hosts

Rhipicephalus sanguineus feeds on a wide variety of mammals, but dogs are the preferred host in the U.S., and the population can reach pest proportions in houses and kennels. [2] The preferred attachment sites on a dog are the head, ears, back, between toes, and axilla. [7]

Medical importance

Rhipicephalus sanguineus is one of the most important vectors of diseases in dogs worldwide. [8] In the United States, R. sanguineus is a vector of many disease-causing pathogens in dogs, including Ehrlichia canis , which causes canine ehrlichiosis, and Babesia canis, which is responsible for canine babesiosis. In dogs, symptoms of canine ehrlichiosis include lameness and fever; those for babesiosis include fever, anorexia, and anemia. R. sanguineus has not been shown to transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease in humans. [2] In parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, it is a vector of Rickettsia conorii , known locally as Mediterranean spotted fever, boutonneuse fever, or tick typhus. [2]

It can also transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, the bacteria responsible for causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans in the Southwestern United States. [9]

Microorganisms found in R. sanguineus

Management

The best management strategy is prevention of infestations in the house or kennel. In addition, the earlier the infestation is discovered, the easier it is to control. Regular grooming and inspection of pets is essential to management, especially when dogs have been quartered or have interacted with other dogs. [2]

Distribution

A cosmopolitan species, it can be found worldwide [11] with the exception of the United Kingdom where Hoyle et al. 2001 and Bates et al. 2002 found it only in quarantine kennels. No further intrusion into the UK has been found as of 2010. [12] Due to global warming the distribution is changing with autochthonous cases in Hungary, for example, emerging and increasing since 2005. [13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Gray, J; Dantas-Torres, F; Estrada-Peña, A; Levin, M (2013). "Systematics and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus". Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 4 (3): 171–80. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.12.003. PMID   23415851.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 C. C. Lord (2001). "Brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille". Featured Creatures. University of Florida . Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  3. ↑ Dantas-Torres, F. (2008). "The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): From taxonomy to control". Veterinary Parasitology. 152 (3–4): 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.030. PMID   18280045.
  4. ↑ Ioffe-Uspensky, I.; Mumcuoglu, K.Y.; Uspensky, I.; Galun, R. (1997). "Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R. turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae): closely related species with different biological characteristics". Journal of Medical Entomology. 34 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1093/jmedent/34.1.74. PMID   9086715.
  5. ↑ Koch, H.G. (1982). "Oviposition of the brown dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 75 (5): 583–586. doi:10.1093/aesa/75.5.583.
  6. ↑ "How ticks spread disease | Ticks | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-09. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  7. ↑ Dantas-Torres, F. (2010). "Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 26. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-26 . PMC   2857863 . PMID   20377860. Art. No. 26.
  8. ↑ Domenico Otranto & Filipe Dantas-Torres (2010). "Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives". Parasites & Vectors . 3 (1): 2. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-2 . PMC   2818618 . PMID   20145730.
  9. ↑ "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Questions and Answers | Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-08-06. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  10. ↑ René-Martellet, Magalie; Minard, Guillaume; Massot, Raphael; Tran Van, Van; Valiente Moro, Claire; Chabanne, Luc; Mavingui, Patrick (2017-09-07). "Bacterial microbiota associated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks from France, Senegal and Arizona". Parasites & Vectors. 10 (1): 416. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2352-9 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   5591579 . PMID   28886749.
  11. ↑ "TickEncounter Resource Center > Tick Identification > Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog tick)". tickencounter.org. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  12. ↑ Jameson, L. J.; Phipps, L. P.; Medlock, J. M. (2010). "Surveillance for exotic ticks on companion animals in the UK". Veterinary Record . 166 (7). British Veterinary Association (BMJ): 202–203. doi:10.1136/vr.b4786. ISSN   0042-4900. PMID   20154311. S2CID   29671884.
  13. ↑ S. Hornok, D. Kováts, G. Horváth, J. Kontschán, R. Farkas. Checklist of the hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) fauna of Hungary with emphasis on host-associations and the emergence of  Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Exp Appl Acarol. 2020 Mar;80(3):311-328. doi: 10.1007/s10493-019-00461-6. Epub, 6 February 2020 PMID: 32030605.
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