Medical psychology or medico-psychology is the application of psychological principles to the practice of medicine,sometimes using drugs for both physical and mental disorders.
Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans,both conscious and unconscious phenomena,and mental processes such as thoughts,feelings,and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope,crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains,linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists,psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states,perceptual,cognitive,emotional,and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation,observation,and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.
The Doctor of Psychology is a professional doctoral degree intended to prepare graduates for careers that apply scientific knowledge of psychology and deliver empirically based service to individuals,groups and organizations. Earning the degree was originally completed through one of two established training models for clinical psychology. However,Psy.D. programs are no longer limited to Clinical Psychology as several universities and professional schools have begun to award professional doctorates in Business Psychology,Organizational Development,Forensic Psychology,Counseling Psychology,and School Psychology.
Clinical psychology is an integration of human science,behavioral science,theory,and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding,preventing,and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment,clinical formulation,and psychotherapy,although clinical psychologists also engage in research,teaching,consultation,forensic testimony,and program development and administration. In many countries,clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
Air Botswana Corporation is Botswana's state-owned national flag carrier,with its headquarters located in Gaborone. It operates scheduled domestic and regional flights from its main base at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport. Air Botswana has been loss-making for several years,and there have been various attempts to privatise the company,and frequent changes to the corporation's management and board,so far without reducing the losses.
Albizu University is a private university with its main campus in San Juan,Puerto Rico,a branch campus in Miami,Florida,and an additional instructional location in Mayagüez,Puerto Rico. It focuses on psychology,health,education,and human services.
Functional psychology or functionalism refers to a psychological school of thought that was a direct outgrowth of Darwinian thinking which focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behavior that has been modified over years of human existence. Edward L. Thorndike,best known for his experiments with trial-and-error learning,came to be known as the leader of the loosely defined movement. This movement arose in the U.S. in the late 19th century in direct contrast to Edward Titchener's structuralism,which focused on the contents of consciousness rather than the motives and ideals of human behavior. Functionalism denies the principle of introspection,which tends to investigate the inner workings of human thinking rather than understanding the biological processes of the human consciousness.
Arnold Allan Lazarus was a South African-born clinical psychologist and researcher who specialized in cognitive therapy and is best known for developing multimodal therapy (MMT). A 1955 graduate of South Africa's CHIPS University of the Witwatersrand,Lazarus' accomplishments include authoring the first text on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) called Behaviour Therapy and Beyond and 17 other books,over 300 clinical articles,and presidencies of psychological associations;he received numerous awards including the Distinguished Psychologist Award of the Division of Psychotherapy from the American Psychological Association,the Distinguished Service Award from the American Board of Professional Psychology,and three lifetime achievement awards. Lazarus was a leader in the self-help movement beginning in the 1970s writing books on positive mental imagery and avoiding negative thoughts. He spent time teaching at various universities in the United States including Rutgers University,Stanford University,Temple University Medical School,and Yale University,and was executive director of The Lazarus Institute,a mental health services facility focusing on CBT.
BotswanaPost is the company responsible for postal service in Botswana. It is a parastatal company,100% owned by the Government of Botswana,under the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
Botswana–South Africa relations refers to the historical and current relationship of Botswana and South Africa. Botswana has a high commission in Pretoria,and South Africa has a high commission in Gaborone. Both countries are former British colonies and members of the African Union,the Commonwealth of Nations,and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Seretse Khama Ian Khama is a Botswana politician and former military officer who was the fourth President of the Republic of Botswana from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2018. After serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force,he entered politics and was Vice-President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008,then succeeded Festus Mogae as President on 1 April 2008. He won a full term in the 2009 election and was re-elected in October 2014.
Ponatshego Honorius Kefaeng Kedikilwe is a Motswana politician who was Vice-President of Botswana from 2012 to 2014. A member of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP),he has also served as Minister of Minerals,Energy,and Water Resources since 2007.
Psychology encompasses a vast domain,and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that taken together constitute psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychology topics and list of psychology disciplines.
The North-West University (NWU) is a public research university located on three campuses in Potchefstroom,Mahikeng and Vanderbijlpark in South Africa. The university came into existence through the merger in 2004 of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education,a large,historical university dating back to 1869,which also had a branch in Vanderbijlpark,and the University of North-West. With its merged status,the North-West University became one of the largest universities in South Africa with the third largest student population in the country. NWU ranks among top universities locally,in Africa and globally.
The Dikgatlhong Dam is a dam near the village of Robelela on the Shashe River in Botswana,completed in December 2011. When full it will hold 400,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×1010 cu ft). The next largest dam in Botswana,the Gaborone Dam,has capacity of 141,000,000 cubic metres (5.0×109 cu ft).
COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana is an ongoing immunisation campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country.
Botswana continued to address the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022,including the discovery of the COVID-19 variant Omicron BA.4 and BA.5,with COVID-19 restrictions being relaxed in October. Continued disputes took place regarding the Botswana–Namibia border,though an open border was established in September. The rivalry between President Mokgweetsi Masisi and his predecessor Ian Khama escalated in 2022,accelerated by firearms charges against Khama and a warrant for his arrest. The government also saw controversy for its support of bills that would grant it additional espionage powers and regulate journalists.
Thomas Kagiso Mmusi is a Botswana politician and businessman that has served as the Minister of Defence and Security since 2022. Prior to this,he was the Minister of Defence,Justice and Security from 2019 to 2022. He is the son of Peter Mmusi,Vice President of Botswana from 1983 to 1992.
The Ministry of Lands and Water Affairs (MWLA) is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. It is composed of 12 Land Boards,41 Sub Land Boards,8 Departments and 2 Parastatals being Water Utilities Corporation and Real Estate Advisory Council,being the Department of Lands,the Department of Town &Country Planning,the Department of Surveys &Mapping,the Department of Water and Sanitation the Project Management Office,the Land Tribunal,the Deeds Registry,and the Department of Corporate Services. The current minister is Kefentse Mzwinila in the second cabinet of President Mokgweetsi Masisi.
