LSMEM1

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Leucine-Rich Single-Pass Membrane Protein 1 (LSMEM1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LSMEM1 gene.

Contents

Gene

Conceptual translation of LSMEM1 for humans Human LSMEM1 Conceptual Translation.PNG
Conceptual translation of LSMEM1 for humans

In humans, LSMEM1 is located on chromosome 7q31.1. [1] [2] LSMEM1 neighbors the gene IFRD1 in humans. Aliases for LSMEM1 include C7orf53, chromosome 7 open reading frame 53, and FLJ39575. [3] The human mRNA is 1686 base pairs long and the gene contains 5 exons. [4] The human mRNA also has a 5' UTR and a 3' UTR. The 5' UTR goes from mRNA position 1 to 341, and the 3' UTR goes from mRNA position 738 to 1686.

Protein

The protein LSMEM1 encodes in humans is 131 amino acids long [5] and has a molecular weight ranging from 14.2 to 14.5 kDal. [6] Its isoelectric point in humans is about 5, making it slightly acidic. LSMEM1 is an integral membrane protein and a transmembrane protein Besides its transmembrane segment, it is mainly made up of coils and relatively few beta strands. As its name implies, LSMEM1 only has one transmembrane segment. The predicted post-translational modifications to the human LSMEM1 protein are glycation [7] and phosphorylation. [8] There is no predicted signal peptide for the human protein. [9]

Homology/Evolution

Phylogenetic tree for select orthologs of LSMEM1 Phylogenetic Tree for LSMEM1.PNG
Phylogenetic tree for select orthologs of LSMEM1
Human LSMEM1 evolutionary rate in comparison to a fast-evolving and a slow-evolving protein. Non-identity comparison graph.PNG
Human LSMEM1 evolutionary rate in comparison to a fast-evolving and a slow-evolving protein.

There are no known paralogs in humans for LSMEM1. [10] Orthologous proteins exist mainly in mammals, birds, and reptiles. There are also more distant orthologs in amphibians and sarcopterygii. LSMEM1 does not show up in invertebrates, fungi, or prokaryotes. LSMEM1 also contains a conserved domain of unknown function DUF4577. [3] When the human protein encoded by LSMEM1 is compared to a known quickly evolving protein (fibrinopeptides) and a known slowly evolving protein (cytochrome c), LSMEM1 appears to be slowly evolving.

Expression

In humans, LSMEM1 is very highly expressed in skeletal muscle. [11] In humans, LSMEM1 also shows high expression in nerve tissue, moderate expression in the uterus, testis, bone marrow, heart, and intestines, and low expression in the brain and pancreas. [12] It also shows expression in both the fetal and adult stages of life in humans.

LSMEM1 is predicted to have a 615 base pair promoter in humans just upstream of its transcriptional start site. [13]

Interacting Proteins

Some transcription factors that are predicted to bind to the promoter of LSMEM1 in humans are: SRF, EVI1, SOX, ETS, LTSM, and TALE transcription factors. [13] Many of the transcription factors thought to bind to the LSMEM1 promoter in humans have activity in biological processes like cell differentiation, cell cycle, cell growth, and development.

There are 3 main proteins thought to interact with the human protein encoded by the gene LSMEM1 that were determined via two-hybrid screening (LSMEM2 and MAL) and reconstituted complex (APP) experiments. A reconstituted complex experiment detects interactions between purified proteins in vitro. The 3 proteins thought to interact with LSMEM1 are: MAL, APP, and LSMEM2. [14] All three of these interacting proteins are integral membrane proteins, just as LSMEM1 is.

Clinical Significance

LSMEM1 expression levels in humans are greatly decreased in septic skeletal muscle. [15] For humans, the LSMEM1 protein has 17 SNP missense mutations within its coding sequence. [16] The LSMEM1 protein has been shown to be prevalent in the serum of patients with Parkinson's disease and that it binds to diagnostic biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease as a protein antigen. [17]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">CXorf66</span> Human protein

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">EVI5L</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmembrane protein 255A</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 255A is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM255A gene. TMEM255A is often referred to as family with sequence similarity 70, member A (FAM70A). The TMEM255A protein is transmembrane and is predicted to be located the nuclear envelope of eukaryote organisms.

LOC101928193 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LOC101928193 gene. There are no known aliases for this gene or protein. Similar copies of this gene, called orthologs, are known to exist in several different species across mammals, amphibians, fish, mollusks, cnidarians, fungi, and bacteria. The human LOC101928193 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 9 with a cytogenic location at 9q34.2. The molecular location of the gene is from base pair 133,189,767 to base pair 133,192,979 on chromosome 9 for an mRNA length of 3213 nucleotides. The gene and protein are not yet well understood by the scientific community, but there is data on its genetic makeup and expression. The LOC101928193 protein is targeted for the cytoplasm and has the highest level of expression in the thyroid, ovary, skin, and testes in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LSMEM2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SMIM15</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SMIM19</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

SMIM19, also known as Small Integral Membrane Protein 19, encodes the SMIM19 protein. SMIM19 is a confirmed single-pass transmembrane protein passing from outside to inside, 5' to 3' respectively. SMIM19 has ubiquitously high to medium expression with among varied tissues or organs. The validated function of SMIM19 remains under review because of on sub-cellular localization uncertainty. However, all linked proteins research to interact with SMIM19 are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), presuming SMIM19 ER association

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TMEM101</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MFSD6L</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 6 like (MFSD6L) is a protein encoded by the MFSD6L gene in humans. The MFSD6L protein is a transmembrane protein that is part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) that uses chemiosmotic gradients to facilitate the transport of small solutes across cell membranes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TMEM212</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 212 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM212 gene. The protein consists of 5 transmembrane domains and localizes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. TMEM212 has orthologs in vertebrates but not invertebrates. TMEM212 has been associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease, facial processing, and adiposity in African Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CCDC188</span> Gene

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Chromosome 4 open reading frame 54 is a protein that in humans is coded by the c4orf54 gene. This gene is also known as FOPV and LOC285556. This protein is mostly expressed in the nucleus of muscle cells. Orthologs are found in vertebrates but not invertebrates.

References

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