History
2020 Peruvian protests
During the 2020 Peruvian protests, La Resistencia acted against protesters, destroying a makeshift memorial dedicated to two demonstrators killed. [3]
2021 Peruvian general election
During the 2021 Peruvian general election, Muñico threatened multiple groups that he alleged supported presidential candidate Pedro Castillo according to La República , stating "We are already pointing towards all those politicians, vacant presidents, opinionologists, NGOs, influencers, etc. who, knowing the danger of the country and our children are supporting the communist candidate. When the danger passes, we will remember it in their own homes..." [9] After Castillo was elected, La Resistencia said that the voting was fraudulent and supported Keiko Fujimori's claims. [10] On 2 July 2021, Sagasti would refuse to audit the second round of elections; Fujimori would accuse Sagasti of abandoning his "great responsibility to ensure fair elections." [11] Days later on 14 July 2021, hundreds of members of La Resistencia members attempted to storm the Government Palace in a similar manner to the January 6 United States Capitol attack, surrounding the vehicles of ministers of Óscar Ugarte and Solangel Fernández and attacking journalists, though La Resistencia was successfully repelled by authorities. [5] [8] [10] [12] Fujimori would admit her defeat on 19 July 2021, though she would continue saying that "votes were stolen" from her. [13] By October 2021, Fujimori began to distance herself from the group. [14]
Presidency of Pedro Castillo
During the presidency of Pedro Castillo, the group called for his ousting, with La Resistencia leader Juan José Muñico stating: [10]
"What Peru needs is an extreme right-wing government. In the Government we live in now, ... have taken over the Judiciary, the Prosecutor's Office, the Constitutional Court, the National Elections Jury. What we need is a strong government, which is not willing to give in anywhere. ... If our destiny is prison, then we will continue to do our activities in the streets"
After Castillo called for the Organization of American States to intervene in November 2022 following numerous attempts to remove him from office, members of La Resistencia protested against the delegation of the OAS High Level Group in San Isidro and were dispersed by police following attacks. [15]
Organization and doctrine
La Resistencia is Fujimorist organization that identifies with anti-communism and far-right politics. [10] The Times of Israel accused said group as antisemitic after attacks towards Peruvian-Jewish journalist Gustavo Gorriti outside of his home. [19]
Its members include current and retired military officers of the Peruvian Armed Forces who have been described as violent shock troops of the far-right in Peru. [8] [3] [16] [4] The group spread anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine sentiments during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru while also promoting anti-LGBT violence and violence against women. [5] [8] [3] Members have been seen using fascist symbolism, wearing black uniforms, using the swastika, waving the Cross of Burgundy and gesturing the fascist salute at events. [4] [20] The organization also has two sub-groups; Los Combatientes (The Combatants) and Los Insurgentes (The Insurgents). [5] [10] These two branches have been observed on social media disseminating disinformation, fake news and fascist imagery, according to Público . [5] [8] The leader of Los Combatientes, Roger Ayachi, has been observed making violent speeches according to La Tercera . [4]
Anti-communism
The ideology and rhetoric of La Resistencia' are fundamentally characterized by an strong opposition to communism, [21] ideology which the organization views as "anti-patriotic" and an "anti-constitutional" threat that seeks to dismantle Peruvian democratic institutions and hand the country over the São Paulo Forum, which the organization describes as “communist”. According to journalist Joseph Zarate, La Resistencia is the most organized and violent anti-communist group in Lima, which manifests its posture through marches and protests. [22] Juan José Múñico, founder of La Resistencia and a self-described ‘far-right anti-communist’ activist, has called for the 'extermination of communists' and to rise up in rebellion against the government of Pedro Castillo, in October 2021. [10]
The anti-communist posture of La Resistencia was reinforced during the presidency of Castillo in 2021, when the organization coordinated protests in order to depose him from office, alleging fraud during the presidential elections in June and accusing his administration as ‘usurper’ and ‘terrorist’. [22] According to sociologist Carmen Rosa Balbi, [5] the triumph of Castillo in the 2021 elections is seen by members of La Resistencia as a revival of Marxism-Leninism and Mariateguismo in the Peruvian political scene. According to Tirso Molinari, the organization lacks a concrete ideological position beyond its McCarthyist posture. [1]
Fascism
The organization has been described independently as 'neofascist' by some observers, including IDL-Reporteros [6] and the New Left Review , [23] with sociologist Carmen Rosa Balbi describing that such radicalization had not been observed in Peru since the 1930s. [5] Juan José Muñico, leader of the organization, asserts that the organization’s doctrinal framework isn’t inspired on fascism. [10] However, some of its members have emulated the Roman salute in its public appearances. [10] [3] [4]
Because of its strong anti-communist stance, critics of La Resistencia has labelled its members as ‘fascists’ and holding a 'McCarthyist' posture. [1] However, historian Tirso Molinari has been critical of said label, asserting that although they have common traits with fascism, such as their anti-immigration and anti-leftist positions, the group should be better described as a right-wing populist organization, and urges caution with such classifications, following Emilio Gentile’s advise. [1] Some journalists have also questioned said characterization, such as Aldo Mariátegui, who stated that "accusing the so lost and fragile Dina Boluarte or the horde of 'La Resistencia' of being 'fascists' is either ignorant or demagogic". [24] Carlos Cabanillas, from Perú 21, has also criticized said label, regarding that certain elements on the Peruvian left-wing have "sought to portray a handful of unruly individuals as a fascist cell". [25]
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