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Lamb's Conduit Street is a street in Holborn in the West End of London. The street takes its name from Lambs Conduit, originally known as the Holborn Conduit, a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet.
Lamb's Conduit was named after William Lambe, who in 1564 made a charitable contribution of £1,500, an enormous sum in those days, [1] for the rebuilding of the Holborn Conduit. [2] The Conduit (a cistern [3] ) was fed by a dam across a tributary of the River Fleet. The Conduit also supplied water to the nearby Snow Hill area by a system of pipes. Lambe also provided 120 pails to enable poor women to make a living selling the water. [4] The tributary ran west to east along the north side of Long Yard, followed the curved course of Roger Street and joined the Fleet near Mount Pleasant. This formed the boundary with the Ancient Parishes of Holborn (to the south) and St Pancras (to the north). [5]
The importance of the conduit diminished when the New River opened in 1613 and the conduit was demolished in 1746. The remains of the head of the conduit can be seen on the side of a 1950s building on the corner between Lamb's Conduit Street and Long Yard. On the stone, an inscription reads: "Lamb's Conduit, the property of the City of London. This pump was erected for the benefit of the Publick".
A fountain at the north end of Lamb's Conduit Street, at the junction with Guilford Street, on the boundary between the former Metropolitan Boroughs of Holborn and St Pancras, was built to commemorate the social benefit of the conduit.
Notable buildings include The Lamb public house, and The People's Supermarket food cooperative. There are many independent traders along the street.
Adjoining streets include Rugby Street, Guilford Street and Great Ormond Street.
Notable residents have included John Lind (1737–1781), the barrister, political activist and pamphleteer; John Haslam (1764–1844), the apothecary, physician and medical writer, known for his work on mental illness; and Henry Revell Reynolds (1745–1811) the physician. John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the Church of England clergyman, author, ecclesiologist, hymnologist, and poet, was born at 40 Lamb's Conduit Street.
John Turner lived together with his wife Mary at 7 Lamb's Conduit Street, where they hosted the American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre in the summer of 1897. [6]
Virginia Woolf used the architecture of Lamb's Conduit Street to arouse her "historic sense" in the 1922 novel Jacob's Room : "The bitter eighteenth century rain rushed down the Kennel." [7] [8]
Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London, part of the London Borough of Camden in England. It is considered a fashionable residential area, and is the location of numerous cultural, intellectual, and educational institutions. Bloomsbury is home of the British Museum, the largest museum in the United Kingdom, and several educational institutions, including University College London and a number of other colleges and institutes of the University of London as well as its central headquarters, the New College of the Humanities, the University of Law, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, the British Medical Association and many others. Bloomsbury is an intellectual and literary hub for London, as home of world-known Bloomsbury Publishing, publishers of the Harry Potter series, and namesake of the Bloomsbury Group, a group of British intellectuals which included author Virginia Woolf, biographer Lytton Strachey, and economist John Maynard Keynes.
Holborn, an area in central London, covers the south-eastern part of the London Borough of Camden and a part of the Ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London.
St Pancras is a district in central London. It was originally a medieval ancient parish and subsequently became a metropolitan borough. The metropolitan borough then merged with neighbouring boroughs and the area it covered now forms around half of the modern London Borough of Camden. The area of the parish and borough includes the sub-districts of Camden Town, Kentish Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park, the core area of Fitzrovia and a part of Highgate.
King's Cross is a district in the London Boroughs of Camden and Islington, on either side of Euston Road in north London, England, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Charing Cross, bordered by Barnsbury to the north, Clerkenwell to the southeast, Angel to the east, Holborn and Bloomsbury to the south, Euston to the west and Camden Town to the northwest. It is served by two major rail termini, St Pancras and King's Cross. King's Cross station is the terminus of one of the major rail routes between London and the North.
The River Fleet is the largest of London's subterranean rivers, all of which today contain foul water for treatment. It has been used as a culverted sewer since the development of Joseph Bazalgette's London sewer system in the mid-19th century with the water being treated at Beckton Sewage Treatment Works. Its headwaters are two streams on Hampstead Heath, each of which was dammed into a series of ponds—the Hampstead Ponds and the Highgate Ponds—in the 18th century. At the southern edge of Hampstead Heath these descend underground as sewers and join in Camden Town. The waters flow 4 miles (6 km) from the ponds.
Voltairine de Cleyre was an American anarchist and feminist writer and public speaker. Born into extreme poverty in Michigan, de Cleyre taught herself how to read and write, and became a lover of poetry. She was educated at a Catholic convent, which improved her literary and linguistic capabilities, but also influenced her turn towards anti-theism and anti-authoritarianism. After graduating, de Cleyre began her activist career in the freethought movement, lecturing around the country and writing for a number of rationalist publications. Drawn towards socialism and individualist anarchism, she converted fully to anarchism in the wake of the Haymarket affair, which radicalized her against the state and capitalism.
Anarchism without adjectives is a pluralist tendency of anarchism that opposes sectarianism and advocates for cooperation between different anarchist schools of thought. First formulated by the Spanish anarchists Ricardo Mella and Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, as a way to bridge the ideological divide between the collectivists and communist factions, it was later adopted by the Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta and the American individualist Voltairine de Cleyre.
Red Lion Square is a small square in Holborn, London. The square was laid out in 1684 by Nicholas Barbon, taking its name from the Red Lion Inn. According to some sources, the bodies of three regicides—Oliver Cromwell, John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton—were placed in a pit on the site of the square.
Gray's Inn Road is an important road in Central London, located in the London Borough of Camden. The road begins at its junction with Holborn at the City of London boundary, passes north through the Holborn and King's Cross districts and terminates at King's Cross railway station. It is designated as part of the A5200 road.
The Lamb is a Grade II listed pub at 94 Lamb's Conduit Street, in the London Borough of Camden, London.
Lamb's Conduit Field, also known as Lamb's Conduit Fields was an open area in what is now the London Borough of Camden. The fields lay north of the Lamb's Conduit water feature that gave it its name, and lay mostly in the parish of St Pancras. It was a noted cricket venue in the first half of the 18th century.
William Lambe (1495–1580) was a wealthy cloth merchant in the City of London during Tudor times who engaged in a wide range of philanthropic deeds, most notably endowing the construction of St James' Church, Islington, the construction of the eponymous Lamb's Conduit, traces of which remain in a number of London street names, and the endowment of Sutton Valence School. He was a devout protestant and was friends with a number of notable protestant clerics of the time.
This is a list of the etymology of street names in the London district of Bloomsbury. The following utilises the generally accepted boundaries of Bloomsbury viz. Euston Road to the north, Gray's Inn Road to the east, New Oxford Street, High Holborn, Southampton Row and Theobald's Road to the south and Tottenham Court Road to the west.
La Société mourante et l'anarchie, translated as Moribund Society and Anarchy, is an 1893 book by Jean Grave that argues for the speedy disintegration of moribund societal institutions.
Hector De Claire (1836–1906) was a French-American tailor. Born into a Catholic family in Lille, he became a socialist and a freethinker at an early age. He emigrated to the United States, where he became a US citizen after fighting for the Union Army in the American Civil War. He plied his trade as an itinerant worker in Michigan, where he married Harriet Elizabeth Billings and had three children: Marion, Adelaide and Voltairine. After Marion's death at a young age, the family moved to St. Johns, where they lived in extreme poverty. To find better work, he left his family and moved to Port Huron, where he was later joined by his daughter Voltairine. He paid for her education at a Catholic school in Canada, after which he resumed itinerant labor and later retired to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he died.
Adelaide De Claire Thayer (1864–1945) was an American schoolteacher and writer. Born into extreme poverty in Michigan, she and her younger sister Voltairine developed a love of reading and writing at an early age. After Adelaide fell ill, Voltairine was sent away to be educated in a convent, but the two kept in touch through letters. They continued to exchange correspondence with each other into adulthood, with Voltairine telling Adelaide of her work as a tutor and public speaker, as well as her romantic partners, although the two disagreed on politics and rarely spoke on the matter. Although Adelaide herself had wanted to become a journalist, her mother pressured her into work as a schoolteacher. She later converted to Baptist denomination and married two working class men, which her mother disliked. After Voltairine's death, Adelaide became a key primary source in her life and collector of her works, supplying Joseph Ishill and Agnes Inglis with many letters, which are today in the respective collections of Harvard University and the University of Michigan.
Harriet Elizabeth De Claire was an American seamstress and writer. Born into a Puritan New Englander family associated with the abolitionist movement, she moved to Michigan and married Hector De Claire, with whom she had three daughters. After the death of their oldest daughter, Marion, they moved to St. Johns, where the family lived in extreme poverty. During their childhood, her daughters Adelaide and Voltairine developed a love of reading, which Harriet nurtured with the poetry of Lord Byron. But their financial situation also made Harriet emotionally distant from her children, which Adelaide would come to forgive, but Voltairine would not. After her children grew up, she kept in constant touch with Voltairine, even as her child's politics grew more radical and distant from Harriet's social conservatism. Her correspondence with Voltairine, which lasted up until her death, became a key primary source on her life and was collected in Harvard University's Ishgill Collection and the University of Michigan's Labadie Collection. Harriet De Claire spent the rest of her life in St. Johns, where she died in 1927.
Samuel H. Gordon (1871–1906) was a Russian American physician. Having emigrated to the United States in the early 1890s, he joined the Jewish anarchist movement in Philadelphia and began taking lessons in the English language from Voltairine de Cleyre. Before long, he was engaged in a romantic relationship with her and participated in her anarchist activism, but their relationship quickly became strained after she rejected his marriage proposal. de Cleyre herself paid his way through medical school and he graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1898, after which he left the anarchist movement and broke up with de Cleyre. When de Cleyre was hospitalized by an assassination attempt in 1902, he refused to help her, which ostracized him further from the anarchist movement. Gordon died from gastritis in 1906.
Herman Helcher (1877–1912) was a Latvian American cigar maker and attempted murderer. Having suffered from a mental disorder since childhood, after emigrating to the United States, he became obsessed with his English teacher Voltairine de Cleyre. He began to harbor paranoid delusions about her, leading to him attempting to murder her. De Cleyre survived the attack but the bullet wounds caused her pain for the rest of her life. Although she defended Helcher during his trial, he was convicted and sentenced to prison. He spent much of the remainder in his life in mental asylums, where he died.
This is a list of works by Voltairine de Cleyre (1866–1912).
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