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Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural change but also on improving the potential for the mass of the population, for example, through health, education and workplace conditions, whether through public or private channels.
Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income, b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth, and c) consumption inequality. Each of these can be measured between two or more nations, within a single nation, or between and within sub-populations.
In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world.
Kamer Daron Acemoğlu is a Turkish-American economist of Armenian descent who has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1993, where he is currently the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, and was named an Institute Professor at MIT in 2019. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 2005, and the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2024.
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Welfare culture refers to the behavioral consequences of providing poverty relief to low-income individuals. Welfare is considered a type of social protection, which may come in the form of remittances, such as 'welfare checks', or subsidized services, such as free/reduced healthcare, affordable housing, and more. Pierson (2006) has acknowledged that, like poverty, welfare creates behavioral ramifications, and that studies differ regarding whether welfare empowers individuals or breeds dependence on government aid. Pierson also acknowledges that the evidence of the behavioral effects of welfare varies across countries, because different countries implement different systems of welfare.
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Gary Sheldon Fields is an American economist, the John P. Windmuller Professor of International and Comparative Labor and Professor of Economics at Cornell University. Fields has performed extensive research in labor economics and development economics, in particular labor mobility, which was rewarded with the IZA Prize in Labor Economics in 2014.
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Deepa Narayan is a social scientist who authored and co-authored more than 15 books including Chup: Breaking The Silence About India's Women. She is also an independent advisor for poverty, development and poverty and has experience working for the World Bank, United Nations and various NGOs. She has been listed as one of the top 100 Global Thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine in 2011, and part of the top 100 Disruptive Heroes by Hacking Work.
Eva Love Vivalt is a Canadian economist. She is currently an Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Toronto and the director of the Global Priorities Institute at the University of Oxford.
The learning crisis or global learning crisis is a term describing the fact that, despite a large increase in access to schooling, learning outcomes remain poor, especially in developing countries. Worldwide, millions of children who attend school do not acquire basic skills such as literacy and numeracy, and many more are far behind age-appropriate expectations in their national curricula. Proponents argue that this crisis needs to be addressed due to the importance of education in fostering children's development, social mobility, and subsequent opportunities.
References
- ↑ "Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility". Center For Global Development. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ↑ "IDinsight | Board of Advisors". Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
- ↑ Pritchett, Lant. "Monitoring progress on poverty: the case for a high global poverty line" (PDF). ODI.
- ↑ "No matter what extreme poverty line you choose, the share of people below that poverty line has declined globally". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
- ↑ "Is Your Impact Evaluation Asking Questions That Matter? A Four Part Smell Test". Center For Global Development. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
- ↑ "Urbanization Passes the Pritchett Test – Paul Romer". paulromer.net. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
