Latrogastropoda

Latrogastropoda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Clade:	Hypsogastropoda
Superorder:	Latrogastropoda
Included groups
Capuloidea Calyptraeoidea Cypraeoidea Ficoidea Stromboidea Tonnoidea Velutinoidea Neogastropoda

Latrogastropoda is a clade of gastropods, considered a superorder, ^[1] in the subclass Caenogastropoda. It was originally proposed in 2000 by Frank Riedel to unite the predominantly predatory "higher" caenogastropod groups. ^[2] Latrogastropoda includes both the order Neogastropoda and some taxa classified in the paraphyletic order Littorinimorpha. ^[3] Latrogastropoda is equivalent to the "siphonate group" of caenogastropods recognized by Ponder and colleagues in 2008. ^{[4] [3] [5]} The non-neogastropod latrogastropods are broadly equivalent to the Neomesogastropoda. ^[1] The name Strombogastropoda was proposed by Simone in 2011 for a clade uniting stromboids with neogastropods and their close relatives, ^[6] and is equivalent to Ponder and colleagues' concept of Latrogastropoda. ^[7]

Included taxa

• Capuloidea: The families Capulidae and Haloceratidae were included in Latrogastropoda by Riedel in 2000 as members of Calyptraeoidea. ^[2] Capuloidea was regarded as a separate superfamily by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017 and excluded from Latrogastropoda, ^[1] but phylogenetic analysis has supported their membership in a well-supported clade with Calyptraeoidea, Velutinoidea, Tonnoidea, and Neogastropoda, ^[8] and they were returned to Latrogastropoda by Donald Colgan and Winston Ponder in 2025. ^[3]
• Calyptraeoidea ^{[2] [1]}
• Cypraeoidea ^{[2] [1]}
• Ficoidea ^{[2] [1]}
• Stromboidea: Stromboidea was not part of Riedel's original concept of Latrogastropoda, ^[2] but was included in Latrogastropoda by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017. ^[1] Stromboidea has been recovered as the sister taxon of a clade uniting Cypraeoidea with other latrogastropods by some phylogenetic analyses. ^{[4] [3]}
• Tonnoidea: Riedel included the superfamilies Laubierinoidea and Cassoidea in Latrogastropoda; both are now regarded as belonging to Tonnoidea.
• Velutinoidea: Riedel included the superfamily Lamellarioidea (now considered a synonym of Velutinoidea), consisting of Lamellariidae and Triviidae, as members of Latrogastropoda. ^[2] The velutinoid families Eratoidae, Triviidae, and Velutinidae were included in Latrogastropoda as members of Cypraeoidea by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017, ^[1] and were subsequently recognized as the separate superfamily Velutinoidea following the recognition that they form a well-supported clade with Calyptraeoidea, Capuloidea, Tonnoidea, and Neogastropoda to the exclusion of Cypraeoidea. ^[8]
• Neogastropoda ^{[2] [1]}

Formerly included groups

• Naticoidea: Though Naticoidea was originally included in Latrogastropoda by Riedel, ^[2] it was excluded from Latrogastropoda by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017 ^[1] and phylogenetic analyses have shown Naticoidea to be closely related to Littorinidae. ^{[9] [4]}
• Hipponicidae: Hipponicidae was included in Calyptraeoidea by Riedel in 2000, ^[2] but is now regarded as belonging to a separate superfamily, Hipponicoidea, and excluded from Latrogastropoda. ^[1]

Evolutionary history

Fossils recognizable as latrogastropods due to their protoconch are known as far back as the Aptian stage of the Cretaceous. ^[10] Tonnoidea and Neogastropoda are potentially descendants of the Purpurinidae, which date to the Triassic. ^[11] The earliest known cypraeids date to the Tithonian stage of the Jurassic. ^[12]

References

1. Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017). "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families". Malacologia. 61 (1–2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201. eISSN   2168-9075. ISSN   0076-2997.
2. Riedel, Frank (2000). "Ursprung und Evolution der "höheren" Caenogastropoda". Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. E 32: 1–240.
3. Colgan, Donald J.; Ponder, Winston F. (2025-07-28). "Redefining Latrogastropoda Again and Searching for Its Sister Group in Hypsogastropoda (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda)". Diversity. 17 (8): 524. Bibcode:2025Diver..17..524C. doi: 10.3390/d17080524 . ISSN   1424-2818.
4. Li, Fengping; Li, Wanying; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Aimin; Liu, Chunsheng; Gu, Zhifeng; Yang, Yi (2024-07-23). "The molecular phylogeny of Caenogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes". Gene. 928 148790. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148790. ISSN   0378-1119. PMID   39053659.
5. Ponder, Winston F.; Colgan, Donald J.; Healy, John M.; Nützel, Alexander; Simone, Luiz R. L.; Strong, Ellen E. (2008-08-31). "Caenogastropoda". Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-93370-5.
6. Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2011). "Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology". Arquivos de Zoologia. 32 (4): 161–323. ISSN   0066-7870.
7. Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2020-02-13). Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-351-11525-4.
8. Takano, Tsuyoshi; Warén, Anders; Kano, Yasunori (2022-05-26). "Phylogenetic position of the deep-sea snail family Haloceratidae and new insights into caenogastropod relationships". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 88 (2): –012. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyac012. eISSN   1464-3766. ISSN   0260-1230.
9. Qi, Lu; Zhang, Ning; Xu, Biyang; Xu, Qinzeng; Han, Xiao; Kong, Lingfeng; Li, Qi (2024-07-08). "Increased microgastropoda sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Littorinoidea (Littorinimorpha)" . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 199 108139. Bibcode:2024MolPE.19908139Q. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108139. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   38986757.
10. Bandel, Klaus; Dockery, David T. (2012). "Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda". Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe C: Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies. 20: 93–128.
11. Bakayeva, Sofia; Nützel, Alexander; Kaim, Andrzej (2024-12-18). "An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 23 (31). doi: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31 .
12. Nützel, Alexander; Schneider, Simon; Bakayeva, Sofia; Kaim, Andrzej (2025-04-22). "The earliest cowries: The origin of cypraeoid gastropods". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 70 (2): 213–223. doi: 10.4202/app.01245.2025 . ISSN   1732-2421.