Maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens
A fast prime (fixed focal length) lens, the Canon 50mm f/1.4 (left), and a slower zoom lens, the Canon 18–55mm f/3.5–5.6 (right); this lens is faster at 18mm than it is at 55mm.
Lens speed is the maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger than average maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is called a "fast lens" because it can achieve the same exposure as an average lens with a faster shutter speed. Conversely, a smaller maximum aperture (larger minimum f-number) is "slow" because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower (longer) shutter speed.
Lenses may also be referred to as being "faster" or "slower" than one another; so an f/3.5 lens can be described as faster than an f/5.6 despite f/3.5 not generally being considered "fast" outright. What is considered fast largely depends on focal length, image diameter (i.e. format covered, such as APS, full frame, medium format), and in the case of zoom lenses, zoom factor.
Tradeoffs
Three 50 mm prime lenses from Minolta with lens speed 3.5 (a macro photography lens, speed of less priority), 1.7 (standard), and 1.2 (large opening and high speed, typically expensive), showing the relation between entry lens diameter and lens speed.
Attaining maximum lens speed requires engineering tradeoffs, and as such, "prime" (fixed focal length) lenses are generally faster than zoom lenses.[2]
With 35mm film cameras and full-frame digital cameras, the fastest lenses are typically in the "normal lens" range near 50mm; here, there are several relatively inexpensive high-quality fast lenses available. For example, the Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 II or Nikon AF Nikkor 50mm f/1.8D are very inexpensive, but quite fast and optically well-regarded. Old fast manual focus lenses, such as the Nikkor-S(C) or Nikkor AI-S 50mm f/1.4, or Canon's FD and M39 counterparts, were historically produced abundantly, and are thus sold relatively inexpensively on the used lens market.
Especially outside of the "normal" focal length, lens speed also tends to correlate with the price and/or quality of the lens. This is because lenses with larger maximum apertures require greater care with regard to design, precision of manufacture, special coatings and quality of glass. At wide apertures, spherical aberration becomes more significant and must be corrected. Thus, faster telephoto and wide-angle retrofocus designs tend to be much more expensive.
A telecompressor, also known as a speed booster, may be used to increase the speed of a lens with a corresponding reduction to its focal length. For example, the Metabones 0.58x BMPCC speed booster may be combined with a f/1.2 lens to produce f/0.74.[3]
Fast lenses
While the fastest lenses in general production in the 2010s were f/1.2 or f/1.4, the 2020s have seen several f/0.95 lenses, see below.
What is considered "fast" has evolved to lower f-numbers over the years, due to advances in lens design, optical manufacturing, quality of glass, optical coatings, and the move toward smaller imaging formats. For example, the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states that "...[Lenses] are also sometimes classified according to their rapidity, as expressed by their effective apertures, into extra rapid, with apertures larger than f/6; rapid, with apertures from f/6 to f/8; slow, with apertures less than f/11" whilst today, f/6 would be deemed at the rather slow end.
For scale, note that f/0.5, f/0.7, f/1.0, f/1.4, and f/2.0 are each 1 f-stop apart (2× as fast), as an f-stop corresponds to a factor of the square root of 2, about 1.4. Thus around f/1.0, a change of 0.1 corresponds to about 1/4 of an f-stop (by linear approximation): f/1.0 is about 50% faster than f/1.2, which is about 50% faster than f/1.4.
As of 2017[update], Canon, Nikon, Pentax and Sony all make an autofocus 50mm f/1.4 lens. These are not unusual lenses and are relatively inexpensive. As of 2023, Canon also makes autofocus 50mm and 85mm f/1.2 lenses, while Nikon makes a manual focus 58mm f/0.95 lens and autofocus 50 and 85mm f/1.2 lenses; see Canon EF 50mm lenses and Canon EF 85mm lenses for details. Pentax makes a 50mm f/1.4 lens and 55mm f/1.4 lens for APS-C cameras; see Pentax lenses. Sony makes several 50mm f/1.4 lenses as well as a 50mm f/1.2.
In the mid 1960s, there was something of a fad for fast lenses among the major manufacturers.[4] In 1966, in response to the trend, Carl Zeiss displayed a prop lens christened the Super-Q-Gigantar 40mm f/0.33 at photokina.[4] Made from various parts found around the factory (the lenses came from a darkroom condenser enlarger), the claimed speed and focal lengths were purely nominal and it wasn't usable for photography.[4][5]
Maximum possible speed
Theoretically, the smallest f-number is 0 (or numerical aperture of 1), corresponding to a lens with an infinite entrance pupil diameter. In practice, that cannot be reached due to mechanical constraints of the camera system (shutter clearance, mount diameter). Even for systems that can be designed without significant constraints on lens size and image plane distance (e.g. microscopy and photolithography systems), the cost of going beyond a numerical aperture of 0.95 (f/0.164) is usually prohibitive.
In SLR camera systems, typical mount diameters are in the range of 44–54 mm, with flange distances around 45 mm. This limits the maximum possible f-number to f/1.0 to f/1.2, with rather strong vignetting towards the edges of the image. Flange distances are significantly smaller for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras (even below 20 mm), theoretically enabling designs down to something like f/0.7 or even faster. The chance of seeing such lenses designed for use with 35mm ("full-frame") cameras, digital or film, in practice will be slim, since their cost and weight are likely not competitive with respect to equivalent imaging solutions employing larger sensors.
List of ultrafast lenses
Some of the fastest camera lenses in production as of 2021[update] were as follows:
Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/0.95 ASPH (announced on September 15, 2008, then the fastest aspherical lens to have reached mass production; MSRP of £6290 or approximately US$10,000).[9]
Zhongyi Mitakon 50mm and 35mm f/0.95 in various optical versions and mounts, of which at least the 50mm for Leica M rangefinders has been found to in fact only be f/1.06![10]
Nikon Noct-Nikkor Z 58mm f/0.95
The following lenses are no longer in production as of 2021[update]:
American Optical 81mm 3.259" f/0.38 Solid Schmidt Mirror lens (designed for aerial reconnaissance) [11]
GOI CV 20mm f/0.5 Mirror lens (2.9 mm image diameter, 1948; design and glass types used are well documented for anyone wanting to build their own
Tokyo Kogaku Similar 50mm f/0.7 (8 elements in 4 groups, limited production in 1944 for Japanese Army. In 1951, another three were produced, two of which were used on a South Pole expedition)
Kinoptik Lynxar 60mm f/0.7 (Reproduction lens, usable but not optimised for photography)
Wray 64mm f/0.71 (Reproduction lens, usable but not optimised for photography)
LOMO 60mm f/0.75 (Reproduction lens, usable but not optimised for photography)
Farrand Super Farron 150mm f/0.87 Medium Format aerial photography lens
Canon 50mm f/0.95 (made as a rangefinder-coupled version with proprietary external bayonet for Canon 7 rangefinders, and an uncoupled C-mount "TV" version)
Kiev Рекорд-4 (Rekord-4) 52mm f/0.9 (rangefinder lens, remained a prototype despite better resolution than the Canon 50mmf/0.95 rangefinder lens)[15]
Nikon TV-Nikkor 35mm f/0.9 (Fastest Nikon lens ever made; TV lens in M39 lens mount, 12.6mm diameter image circle)[16]
Noktor 50mm f/0.95 (C-mount lens converted for mirrorless cameras; the actual C-mount lens is still being made as D.O. Industries Kowa Navitron, JML, Tarcus; Elgeet Navitar, SLRMagic Hyperprime, Senko, Yakumo; Goyo; Ernitec Super)
SLR Magic HyperPrime CINE and LM 50mm f/0.92 T0.95 (rangefinder lens, Erwin Puts measured it to be T1.12!Noctilux 0.95/50)
Pacific Optical 25mm f/1.0 (Medium Format 150° Fish-eye lens, 55 mm image diameter; only 3 copies were ever made: for the Canadian Government for aurora borealis research in the late 60s/early 70s. One of these lenses was used in the production of the IMAX movie Solarmax, one is presumed lost; the cost per piece was estimated at 250,000USD)
Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/1.0 (Leica M mount, 1976; discontinued and replaced 2008 with a new Noctilux, see above)
Canon EF 50mm f/1.0 L USM (for Canon EOS autofocus SLRs, announced 1987, released 1989, discontinued 2009)
Canon 8.5–25.5mm f/1.0 zoom lens (made 1975–1983 for the 310XL Super 8mm silent and sound camera series, the fastest zoom lens ever made for Super8, originally advertised as facilitating "shooting at candlelight" in combination with 160-ASA films.)[17]
Apart from those already mentioned, many very fast lenses exist in C-mount (as used by 16mm film cameras, CCTV, medical & scientific imaging systems), including:
Kern Switar 18mm f/0.9 (built for NASA for the Apollo Moon landing)[19]
Ampex 'LE610 Television Lens' 25mm f/0.95
Angénieux 25mm f/0.95 Type 'M1' and 'M2' (M1 was the original, more common, consumer-grade product, while M2 was aimed at the professional cine market, with better correction for aberrations and distortions)
Angénieux 28mm f/0.95 Type 'M1' and 'M2' (for 16mm film)
In optics, the aperture of an optical system is a hole or an opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image of the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that comes to a focus in the image plane.
A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a rangefinder, typically a split-image rangefinder: a range-finding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs that are in sharp focus.
Carl Zeiss AG, branded as ZEISS, is a German manufacturer of optical systems and optoelectronics, founded in Jena, Germany in 1846 by optician Carl Zeiss. Together with Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott he laid the foundation for today's multinational company. The current company emerged from a reunification of Carl Zeiss companies in East and West Germany with a consolidation phase in the 1990s. ZEISS is active in four business segments with approximately equal revenue in almost 50 countries, has 30 production sites and around 25 development sites worldwide.
Nikkor is the brand of lenses produced by Nikon Corporation, including camera lenses for the Nikon F-mount and more recently, for the Nikon Z line of mirrorless cameras.
Fujinon is a brand of optical lenses made by Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd, now known as Fujifilm. Fujifilm's Fujinon lenses have been used by professional photographers and broadcast stations as well as cinematography. Fujifilm started manufacture of optical glass in its Odawara Factory in Japan in 1940, which was the start of the Fujinon brand. They were proud of their use of expensive Platinum crucibles to get the purest glass achievable at the time. Fujifilm also pioneered Electron Beam Coating (EBC) which according to Fujifilm, represented a new high in lens precision and performance. The EBC process was significantly different from other coating processes by the number of coating, the thinness of the coating, and the materials used for coating. Fujifilm claimed they were able to have as many as 14 layers of coating and used materials such as zirconium oxide, and cerium fluoride, which could not be used for coating in the conventional coating process. The first lens to offer the Electron Beam Coating was the EBC Fujinon 55mm F3.5 Macro in 1972. Light transmission for the coating was said to be 99.8%. EBC later evolved into Super-EBC and HT-EBC.
A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens. Instead of producing images with straight lines of perspective, fisheye lenses use a special mapping, which gives images a characteristic convex non-rectilinear appearance.
Cosina Co., Ltd. is a manufacturer of high-end optical glass, optical precision equipment, cameras, video and electronic related equipment, based in Nakano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.
The Canon FD lens mount is a physical standard for connecting a photographic lens to a 35mm single-lens reflex camera body. The standard was developed by Canon of Japan and was introduced in March 1971 with the Canon F-1 camera. It served as the Canon SLR interchangeable lens mounting system until the 1987 introduction of the Canon EOS series cameras, which use the newer EF lens mount. The FD mount lingered through the release of the 1990 Canon T60, the last camera introduced in the FD system, and the end of the Canon New F-1 product cycle in 1992.
Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH is a manufacturer of industrial and photographic optics. The company was founded on 18 January 1913 by Joseph Schneider as Optische Anstalt Jos. Schneider & Co. at Bad Kreuznach in Germany. The company changed its name to Jos. Schneider & Co., Optische Werke, Kreuznach in 1922, and to the current Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH in 1998.
The double Gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane.
The Zeiss Sonnar is a photographic lens originally designed by Dr. Ludwig Bertele in 1929 and patented by Zeiss Ikon. It was notable for its relatively light weight, simple design and fast aperture.
The Leica CL is a 35mm compact rangefinder camera with interchangeable lenses in the Leica M-mount. It was developed in collaboration with Minolta who manufactured it. It first appeared in April 1973 and was released in the Japanese market in November 1973 as the Leitz Minolta CL. Both the Leica CL and Leitz Minolta CL were manufactured in a new Minolta factory in Osaka. In 2017, Leica announced a new digital mirrorless camera, again named Leica CL.
Cosina Voigtländer refers to photographic products manufactured by Cosina under the Voigtländer name since 1999. Cosina leases rights to the Voigtländer name from RINGFOTO GmbH & Co. ALFO Marketing KG in Germany. Cosina Voigtländer products have included 35mm film SLR and rangefinder camera bodies, and lenses for the M39 lens mount, M42 lens mount, Leica M mount, and other lens mounts.
The Jupiter series of lenses are Russian camera lenses made by various manufacturers in the former Soviet Union. They were made to fit many camera types of the time, from pre-WWII rangefinders to almost modern SLRs. They are copied from Zeiss pre-WWII designs with incremental improvements, such as coatings, introduced during production. The majority of them are based on Zeiss Sonnar optical scheme, but that's not a rule.
Biogon is the brand name of Carl Zeiss for a series of photographic camera lenses, first introduced in 1934. Biogons are typically wide-angle lenses.
Topogon is a wide field, symmetrical photographic lens patented by Robert Richter in 1933 for Carl Zeiss AG. As there are four meniscus elements in four groups, deployed symmetrically around the central aperture, it is considered a double Gauss lens variant.
The Fujifilm X-mount is a lens mount for Fujifilm interchangeable lens mirrorless cameras in its X-series, designed for 23.6mm x 15.6mm APS-C sensors.
The invention of the camera in the early 19th century led to an array of lens designs intended for photography. The problems of photographic lens design, creating a lens for a task that would cover a large, flat image plane, were well known even before the invention of photography due to the development of lenses to work with the focal plane of the camera obscura.
References
↑ Waldren, Margaret (and others) Advanced Digital Photography 2004 Media Publishing
↑ Long, Ben Complete Digital Photography 2004 Charles River Media
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