Likin | |||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 釐金 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 厘金 | ||||||||
Postal | likin | ||||||||
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The likin or lijin was a form of domestic customs tax in the Chinese Empire and Republic,which was first introduced as a means of financing the largely locally recruited armies to suppress the Taiping Rebellion.
The likin tax was first introduced in 1853 by censor Lei Yixian [1] in the area around Yangzhou as a way of raising funds in the campaigns against local rebels. As the central government was short of revenue,the imperial court sanctioned the tax and it quickly became an important source of funds for the campaign against the Taiping and Nian rebellions.
The tax was levied on an ad valorem basis on goods in transit between provinces and on shops,[ citation needed ] with rates ranging from 2 to 10 per cent. [2] After the Taipings were suppressed in 1864,the likin became a permanent feature of the Chinese tax system and it became an important source of revenue for local government. In many ways,the tax signified the decentralization of state authority in the wake of the Taiping rebellion.
The Treaty of Nanjing ending the First Opium War,the most favored nation clauses in subsequent "unequal treaties" with imperialist Europe,and the disorder of the Taiping Rebellion reduced China's ability to impose or levy their own external tariffs (customs),with the Chinese Maritime Customs Service under European control after 1854. Foreign merchants protested against the likin as a violation of China's treaties and raised the issue repeatedly,including at the Chefoo Convention. As it was imposed on all goods both foreign and domestic,however,it survived the fall of the Qing dynasty into the Warlord Era and was not ended until 1 January 1931.
The Qing dynasty,officially the Great Qing,was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty,proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636,seized control of Beijing in 1644,which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until 1912,when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In Chinese historiography,the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907,it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
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