The Treaty of Nanking was an unequal treaty between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China to end the First Opium War (1839–1842),signed on 29 August 1842.
Treaty ports were the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers,as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan.
The Second Opium War,also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War,the Second China War,the Arrow War,or the Anglo-French expedition to China,was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860,which pitted United Kingdom,France,and the United States against the Qing dynasty of China.
The Burlingame Treaty,also known as the Burlingame–Seward Treaty of 1868,was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China,amending the Treaty of Tientsin,to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations,with the United States granting China the status of most favored nation with regards to trade. It was signed in the capital of the United States,Washington,D.C. in 1868 and ratified in Peking in 1869. The most significant result of the treaty was that it effectively lifted any former restrictions in regards to emigration to the United States from China,with large-scale immigration to the United States beginning in earnest by Chinese immigrants.
In international law,extraterritoriality or exterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law,usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.
The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct unequal treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain,France,and the Russian Empire in 1860.
Yantai,formerly known as Chefoo,is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of the Bohai Strait,Yantai borders Qingdao on the southwest and Weihai on the east,with sea access to both the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. It is the largest fishing seaport in Shandong. Its population was 6,968,202 during the 2010 census,of whom 2,227,733 lived in the built-up area made up of the 4 urban districts of Zhifu,Muping,Fushan and Laishan.
The Treaty of Tientsin,also known as the Treaty of Tianjin,is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin in June 1858. The Qing dynasty,Russian Empire,Second French Empire,United Kingdom,and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties,counted by the Chinese among the unequal treaties,opened more Chinese ports to foreign trade,permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing,allowed Christian missionary activity,and effectively legalized the import of opium. They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War,which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860,after the end of the war.
The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Yishan,official of the Qing dynasty of China. It established much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and China by ceding much of Manchuria,now known as Northeast China. Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. It reversed the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 square kilometers (231,660 sq mi) of what became known as Outer Manchuria. While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty,the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun was affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking.
The unequal treaties were a series of agreements made between Asian countries and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were often signed following a military defeat suffered by the former party,or amid military threats made by the latter. Their terms specified obligations to be borne almost exclusively by the former party:provisions included the cession of territory,the payment of reparations,the opening of treaty ports,the relinquishment of the right to control tariffs and imports,and the granting of extraterritoriality to foreign citizens.
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States,also called the Harris Treaty was a treaty signed between the United States and Tokugawa Shogunate,which opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners,among a number of trading stipulations. It was signed on the deck of the USS Powhatan in Edo Bay on July 29,1858.
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Kingdom of Joseon in 1876. Negotiations were concluded on February 26,1876.
The Margary Affair was a crisis in Sino-British relations,which followed the murder of British official Augustus Raymond Margary in 1875.
Augustus Raymond Margary was a British diplomat and explorer. The murder of Margary and his entire staff,while surveying overland Asian trade routes,sparked the Margary Affair which led to the Chefoo Convention.
The Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking was a trade unequal treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Qing dynasty of China,signed on 1 December 1887. It is counted by the Chinese as among the unequal treaties in the aftermath of the Second Opium War. The treaty gave Portugal perpetual colonial rights to Macau on the condition that Portugal would cooperate in efforts to end the smuggling of opium.
The century of humiliation was a period in Chinese history beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842),and ending in 1945 with China emerging out of the Second World War as one of the Big Four and established as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,or alternately,ending in 1949 with the founding of the People's Republic of China. The century-long period is typified by the decline,defeat and political fragmentation of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent Republic of China,which led to demoralizing foreign intervention,annexation and subjugation of China by Western powers,Russia,and Japan.
Between 1858 and 1860,the Russian Empire annexed territories adjoining the Amur River belonging to the Chinese Qing dynasty through the imposition of unequal treaties. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun,signed by the general Nikolay Muravyov representing the Russian Empire and the official Yishan representing Qing China,ceded Priamurye—a territory stretching from the Amur River north to the Stanovoy Mountains,but the Qing government initially refused to recognize the treaty's validity. Two years later,the Second Opium War concluded with the Convention of Peking,which affirmed the previous treaty as well as an additional cession including the entire Pacific coast to the Korean border,as well as the island of Sakhalin to Russia. These two territories roughly correspond to modern-day Amur Oblast and Primorsky Krai,respectively. Collectively,they are often referred to as Outer Manchuria,part of the greater region of Manchuria.
The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Beijing is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in the People's Republic of China. It is one of Britain's largest overseas embassies. It is located at 11 Guanghua Road,in the Chaoyang District. The current British Ambassador to China is Caroline Wilson.
China and the West,1858–1861:The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen is a 1964 nonfiction English language book by Masataka Banno,published by Harvard University Press. It describes the start of the Zongli Yamen and the political developments that resulted in the establishment of the "unequal treaties."
