1909 Chinese parliamentary election

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1909 Chinese parliamentary election
Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg
September – October 1909 1912  

196 seats (of 200 seats) to the Advisory Council
101 seats needed for a majority
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Chen Baochen.jpg Yang Duo.jpg Yan Xishan.jpg
Leader Chen Baochen Yang Du Yan Xishan
Party Continuous Constitutionalism CERA Xinhai Club
Alliance Constitutionalists Constitutionalists Constitutionalists
Leader's seatScholars
(Appointed)
Did not standDid not stand
Elected seats38104
Appointed seats3707

 Fourth partyFifth partySixth party
  Dr. Sun in London.jpg Wang Rongbao.jpg Zheng Xiaoxu2.JPG
Leader Sun Yat-sen Wang Rongbao Zheng Xiaoxu
Party Tongmenghui Political Science Club Preparative Constitutionalism
Alliance Revolutionaries Constitutionalists Constitutionalists
Leader's seatDid not standGovernment Officials
(Appointed)
Did not stand
Elected seats413
Appointed seats342

1909 Chinese parliamentary election map.svg
  Constitutionalist majority
  Independent majority
  Divided between constitutionalists and independents
  Divided between constitutionalists and revolutionaries
  No election

The 1909 Chinese parliamentary election was an indirect election to the first imperial Advisory Council, a preparatory body of the parliament created under the constitutional reform bought by the late Qing dynasty. It was seen as the first popular election in Chinese history. [1]

Contents

Originally 100 members, half of the seats in the council were to be elected by the members of the Provincial Consultative Assemblies, while the other half were appointed by the Emperor. Due to the fact the Provincial Consultative Assembly had not been set up in Sinkiang, the seats were reduced to 98.

Translations with bracketed Chinese text are for reference only.

Electoral system

The candidates were indirectly elected by members of Consultative Assembly in provinces. The number of candidate each electorate shall vote for was double the delegated seats. Amongst all the supported candidates, half of them would be chosen by the governor as elected members. Appointed members included a certain degree of election features as there were considerable size of eligible members. [1]

Constituencies

The new Advisory Council only consisted of 196 members, instead of 200 as planned, as Consultative Assembly was not established in Sinkiang, and the number of appointed members shrank to 98 to achieve the balance.

Elected members are as follows:

ProvinceSeatsProvinceSeats
Zhili 9 Shanxi 5
Zhejiang 7 Fujian 4
Jiangsu 7 Shaanxi 4
Jiangxi 6 Yunnan 4
Shandong 6 Fengtian 3
Sichuan 6 Gansu 3
Anhui 5 Guangxi 3
Henan 5 Heilongjiang 2
Hubei 5 Jilin 2
Hunan 5 Guizhou 2
Guangdong 5 Xinjiang

Appointed members are as follows:

ConstituencySeatsConstituencySeats
Government Officials (各部院衙門官)32Scholars (碩學通儒)10
Princes of Imperial Family (宗室王公世爵)14Large Taxpayers (納稅多額)10
Princes of Feudatories (外藩王公世爵)14Descendants of Emperor (宗室覺羅)6
Nobility of Manchu and Han (滿漢世爵)12

Result

The constitutionalists, who advocated constitutional monarchy in Qing, secured a majority in the Advisory Council. The revolutionaries on the other hand, despite banned by the authorities, won a few seats. [2] [3] The party membership is only estimation as political party system was immature at the time. Some members resigned during the session and the vacancies were filled according to the precedence list, which their membership is not reflected here.

1909 Chinese parliamentary election result.svg
Political partyElectedAppointedTotal
Continuous Constitutionalism Association (憲政維持進行會)383775
Xinhai Club (辛亥俱樂部)4711
Chinese Empire Reform Association 10010
Political Science Club (政學會)145
Preparative Constitutionalism Association (預備立憲公會)325
Brotherhood of Petition for Parliament  [ zh ] (國會請願同志會)505
Joint Association of Provincial Consultative Assemblies (各省諮議局聯合會)303
Guangdong Autonomous Chamber of Commerce (粵商自治會)101
Preparative Constitutionalism Association of Guizhou (貴州憲政預備會)101
Constitutionalists total6650116
Tongmenghui 437
Association for Guizhou Autonomy (貴州自治學社)101
Revolutionaries total538
Independents274572
Vacant224
Total100100200

Detailed results

ZhiliZhejiangJiangsuJiangxiShandongSichuanAnhuiHenanHunanShanxiYunnan
Continuous Constitutionalism Association614223121
Chinese Empire Reform Association22212
Xinhai Club121
Political Science Club1
Preparative Constitutionalism Association111
Brotherhood of Petition for Parliament11111
Joint Association of Provincial Consultative Assemblies12
Tongmenghui1201
Independents121122311
Total97766655554
HubeiGuangdongFujianShaanxiFengtianGansuGuangxiGuizhouHeilongjiangJilin
Continuous Constitutionalism Association442132
Chinese Empire Reform Association1
Guangdong Autonomous Chamber of Commerce1
Preparative Constitutionalism Association of Guizhou1
Association for Guizhou Autonomy1
Independents142222
Total5544333222
OfficialsImperial PrinceFeudatory PrinceNobilityScholarsTaxpayersEmperor's Descendants
Continuous Constitutionalism Association1463663
Xinhai Club6
Political Science Club211
Preparative Constitutionalism Association2
Tongmenghui 12
Independents98139123
Total3214141210106

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 張, 朋園 (2007). 中國民主政治的困境 1909-1949:晩清以來歷屆議會選舉述論. Changchun: 吉林出版集團有限責任公司. p. 63.
  2. 張, 朋園 (2007). 中國民主政治的困境 1909-1949:晩清以來歷屆議會選舉述論. Changchun: 吉林出版集團有限責任公司. pp. 317–329.
  3. 張, 玉法 (1985). 清季的立憲團體. 中央研究院近代史研究所.