| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
196 seats (of 200 seats) to the Advisory Council 101 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Constitutionalist majority Independent majority Divided between constitutionalists and independents Divided between constitutionalists and revolutionaries No election |
The 1909 Chinese parliamentary election was an indirect election to the first imperial Advisory Council, a preparatory body of the parliament created under the constitutional reform bought by the late Qing dynasty. It was seen as the first popular election in Chinese history. [1]
Originally 100 members, half of the seats in the council were to be elected by the members of the Provincial Consultative Assemblies, while the other half were appointed by the Emperor. Due to the fact the Provincial Consultative Assembly had not been set up in Sinkiang, the seats were reduced to 98.
Translations with bracketed Chinese text are for reference only.
The candidates were indirectly elected by members of Consultative Assembly in provinces. The number of candidate each electorate shall vote for was double the delegated seats. Amongst all the supported candidates, half of them would be chosen by the governor as elected members. Appointed members included a certain degree of election features as there were considerable size of eligible members. [1]
The new Advisory Council only consisted of 196 members, instead of 200 as planned, as Consultative Assembly was not established in Sinkiang, and the number of appointed members shrank to 98 to achieve the balance.
Elected members are as follows:
Province | Seats | Province | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zhili | 9 | Shanxi | 5 | |
Zhejiang | 7 | Fujian | 4 | |
Jiangsu | 7 | Shaanxi | 4 | |
Jiangxi | 6 | Yunnan | 4 | |
Shandong | 6 | Fengtian | 3 | |
Sichuan | 6 | Gansu | 3 | |
Anhui | 5 | Guangxi | 3 | |
Henan | 5 | Heilongjiang | 2 | |
Hubei | 5 | Jilin | 2 | |
Hunan | 5 | Guizhou | 2 | |
Guangdong | 5 | Xinjiang | — |
Appointed members are as follows:
Constituency | Seats | Constituency | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government Officials (各部院衙門官) | 32 | Scholars (碩學通儒) | 10 | |
Princes of Imperial Family (宗室王公世爵) | 14 | Large Taxpayers (納稅多額) | 10 | |
Princes of Feudatories (外藩王公世爵) | 14 | Descendants of Emperor (宗室覺羅) | 6 | |
Nobility of Manchu and Han (滿漢世爵) | 12 |
The constitutionalists, who advocated constitutional monarchy in Qing, secured a majority in the Advisory Council. The revolutionaries on the other hand, despite banned by the authorities, won a few seats. [2] [3] The party membership is only estimation as political party system was immature at the time. Some members resigned during the session and the vacancies were filled according to the precedence list, which their membership is not reflected here.
Political party | Elected | Appointed | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Constitutionalism Association (憲政維持進行會) | 38 | 37 | 75 | |
Xinhai Club (辛亥俱樂部) | 4 | 7 | 11 | |
Chinese Empire Reform Association | 10 | 0 | 10 | |
Political Science Club (政學會) | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
Preparative Constitutionalism Association (預備立憲公會) | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
Brotherhood of Petition for Parliament (國會請願同志會) | 5 | 0 | 5 | |
Joint Association of Provincial Consultative Assemblies (各省諮議局聯合會) | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
Guangdong Autonomous Chamber of Commerce (粵商自治會) | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Preparative Constitutionalism Association of Guizhou (貴州憲政預備會) | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
66 | 50 | 116 | ||
Tongmenghui | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
Association for Guizhou Autonomy (貴州自治學社) | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
5 | 3 | 8 | ||
27 | 45 | 72 | ||
Vacant | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | 200 |
Zhili | Zhejiang | Jiangsu | Jiangxi | Shandong | Sichuan | Anhui | Henan | Hunan | Shanxi | Yunnan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Constitutionalism Association | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||
Chinese Empire Reform Association | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
Xinhai Club | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||
Political Science Club | 1 | |||||||||||
Preparative Constitutionalism Association | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Brotherhood of Petition for Parliament | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Joint Association of Provincial Consultative Assemblies | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
Tongmenghui | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | ||||||||
Independents | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||
Total | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Hubei | Guangdong | Fujian | Shaanxi | Fengtian | Gansu | Guangxi | Guizhou | Heilongjiang | Jilin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Constitutionalism Association | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |||||
Chinese Empire Reform Association | 1 | ||||||||||
Guangdong Autonomous Chamber of Commerce | 1 | ||||||||||
Preparative Constitutionalism Association of Guizhou | 1 | ||||||||||
Association for Guizhou Autonomy | 1 | ||||||||||
Independents | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||
Total | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Officials | Imperial Prince | Feudatory Prince | Nobility | Scholars | Taxpayers | Emperor's Descendants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Constitutionalism Association | 14 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 3 | ||
Xinhai Club | 6 | |||||||
Political Science Club | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Preparative Constitutionalism Association | 2 | |||||||
Tongmenghui | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Independents | 9 | 8 | 13 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Total | 32 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 6 |
The kyōiku kanji, sometimes called the gakushū kanji, are those kanji listed on the Gakunenbetsu kanji haitō hyō, a list of 1,026 kanji and associated readings developed and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, and which readings of kanji, Japanese students should learn from first grade to the sixth grade of elementary school. Although the list is designed for Japanese students, it can also be used as a sequence of learning characters by non-native speakers as a means of focusing on the most commonly used kanji.
The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, also known as the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, is the final resting place of Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party from 1943 and the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1945 until his death in 1976.
The 1st Legislative Yuan election was held in China between 21 and 23 January 1948. This election, and the preceding 1947 National Assembly election are the first elections of under the newly ratified 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. Under this constitution, the Legislative Yuan is a standing legislature when the National Assembly is not in session. At the time most of Chinese territory was under the control of the government of the Republic of China, using a direct voting system elected 759 Legislative Representatives. Using the Republic's then 461 million population to calculate, on average 600,000 people elected one representative in the Legislative Yuan. The election along with the one held for the National Assembly also made China the largest democracy at the time.
Chen Yinke, or Chen Yinque, was a Chinese historian, linguist, orientalist, politician, and writer. He was a fellow of Academia Sinica, considered one of the most original and creative historians in 20th century China. His representative works are Draft essays on the origins of Sui and Tang institutions (隋唐制度淵源略論稿), Draft outline of Tang political history (唐代政治史述論稿), and An Alternative Biography of Liu Rushi (柳如是別傳).
The Progressive Hong Kong Society was a political group in Hong Kong. It was established on 14 February 1985 by the then Executive and Legislative Council member Maria Tam. The party is considered conservative and pro-Beijing, in contrast to the pro-democracy forces which rose to prominence in the late 1980s and early 90s.
The Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament was a political campaign during the first half of the 20th Century in the Japanese rule period. It was initiated by the New People Society (新民會), an organization founded by Taiwanese students studying in Japan, to advocate for the establishment of an autonomous parliament in Taiwan through petitions to the Japanese Imperial Diet. This movement marked a turning point for Taiwan's resistance against Japanese rule, shifting from armed resistance to modern-style political activism. It not only contributed to the development of the rule of law and the pursuit of constitutional values in Taiwan, but also influenced the Japanese government to introduce partial elections for half of the members of the Diet in 1935, initiating local autonomous governance in Taiwan.
Initium Media is a Singapore-based digital media outlet launched in August 2015. It mainly provides in-depths news, opinions and lifestyle content to Chinese-speaking readers worldwide with the aim of staking out neutral terrain among Chinese readers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, mainland China, and abroad.
The 1909 Chinese provincial elections were held to elect the members of the Provincial Assemblies of China. The election was held between April and June 1909 in the 22 provinces of China as part of the New Policies as a move toward constitutional monarchy. The Provincial Assemblies were convened on 14 October 1909 and were responsible for electing half of the members of the imperial Advisory Council convened subsequently in 1910. These provincial assemblies survived even after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that founded the Republic of China and replaced the Qing Empire. They were ordered to dissolve by the President Yuan Shikai.
The 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election was held on 8 May 2022 for the 6th term of the Chief Executive (CE), the highest office of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Incumbent Carrie Lam, who was elected in 2017, declined to seek a second term for family reasons and finished her term on 30 June 2022. Former Chief Secretary John Lee was the sole candidate approved by the central government of China in the election and the only candidate to be nominated. He received 1,416 electoral votes (99.44%) and assumed office on 1 July 2022.
The 2021 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was a general election held on 19 December 2021 for the 7th Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Under the drastic Beijing-imposed electoral overhaul, the total number of seats was increased from 70 to 90 seats, with the directly elected geographical constituencies (GCs) reduced from 35 to 20 seats, the trade-based indirectly elected functional constituencies (FCs) staying at 30, and the additional 40 seats being elected by the 1,500-member Election Committee. therefore still not allowing universal suffrage.
The Advisory Council, also known as the Government Advisory Council, Political Advisory Council, or Political Advisory Board, was a preparatory body for the parliament established in 1910. It was part of the New Policies in the late Qing dynasty, of which the Qing court was moving toward the implementation of a constitution. In September 1907, the Guangxu Emperor promulgated a decree on the setting up of the Advisory Council, following by the provincial Consultative Bureaus in October.
Si̍t-chûn Movement, inasmuch as the Kyoto School, Neo-Confucianism and other prominent philosophical movements in the early-twentieth-century East Asia, is a significant philosophical movement during the Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan, in which the intellectuals in the 1920s formulated their reflections on the Taiwanese community through the western values and thoughts and wedged against the colonial domination and imperial assimilation. Si̍t-chûn Movement was intensely bond with political and cultural counter-imperialism, involving intellectuals e.g. Lin Mosei(zh:林茂生), Hung Yao-hsün(zh:洪耀勳), Wen Kwei Liao(zh:廖文奎), Mingdian Liu(zh:劉明電), Shao-Hsing Chen(zh:陳紹馨), Lin Qiu-wu(zh:林秋悟), Hsiang-yu Su(zh:蘇薌雨), Shenqie Zhang(zh:張深切), Chin-sui Hwang(zh:黃金穗), Shoki Coe(zh:黃彰輝), Isshū Yō(zh:楊杏庭), C K Wu(吳 振坤), and so forth. 'At the begin,' according to the Taiwanese cultural sociologist Ren-yi Liao 's 1988 grounding formulation, 'Taiwanese Philosophy has been a civil intellectual movement against domination, rather than an academic form of conception.' 'Si̍t-chûn Movement', however, has yet ratified and systemically studied until 2014.
Professional Power is a political group based in Sai Kung District, Hong Kong. The group is formed and led by Christine Fong, a former member of the Liberal Party. The group markets itself as nonpartisan and currently has four members in the Sai Kung District Council.
Sam Cheung Ho-sum is a Hong Kong politician, social activist, and former member of the Tuen Mun District Council for San Hui.
Legislative elections were held in Macau on 12 September 2021. This legislative election will return 33 members of the Legislative Assembly of Macau, with 14 directly elected by all electorates, 12 indirectly elected by special interest groups and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive 15 days after the announcement of the election results.
The Association of Synergy of Macao, often shortened to Synergy of Macao, is a centrist political party in Macau. It is represented in the Legislative Assembly.
The 2013 Taichung legislative by-election was held in Taiwan on 23 January 2013 for the Taichung City Constituency II after the former legislator Yen Ching-piao was disqualified for corruption.
Local elections were held in Taiwan in 1950 and 1951, months after Chiang Kai-shek resumed duties as President of the Republic of China following the civil war defeat, marking the start of local autonomy in the post-war era.
Local elections were held in Taiwan on 24 April 1960, the fourth nation-wide elections in post-war Taiwan, electing all 21 mayors of cities and magistrates of counties with a four-year tenure. Fuchien Province, then under military administration, was not up for election. Election for Taiwan Provincial Council was held alongside the local elections to elect 73 councillors.
Local elections were held in Taiwan on 26 April 1964, the fifth nation-wide elections in post-war Taiwan, electing all 21 mayors of cities and magistrates of counties with a four-year tenure. Fuchien Province, then under military administration, was not up for election.