Manchuria refers to a region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China or,historically,those areas combined with parts of the Russian Far East. Its definition may refer to varying geographical extents as following:the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning but broadly also including the eastern Inner Mongolian prefectures of Hulunbuir,Hinggan,Tongliao,and Chifeng,collectively known as Northeast China. Historically included homeland of the Jurchens and later their descendants Manchus,which was controlled in whole by Qing China prior to the Amur Annexation in 1858–1860,when parts of the historical region were ceded to the Russian Empire. The two areas involved are Priamurye between the Amur River and the Stanovoy Range to the north,and Primorskaya which runs down the Pacific coast from the Amur mouth to the Korean border,sometimes including the island of Sakhalin,collectively known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria.
Liaoning is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest,southernmost,and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang,it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea,and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China.
Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese warlord who ruled Manchuria from 1916 to 1928. He led the Fengtian clique,one of the most important factions during China's Warlord Era. During the last year of his life,he briefly installed himself as President of the Republic of China.
Hešeri,is a clan of Manchu nobility with Jianzhou Jurchens roots,originally hailing from the area which is now the modern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It was once one of the most important and powerful noble families in the early Qing dynasty in China,second only to the royal House of Aisin Gioro,to whom they were closely related by marriage.
Yuan Chonghuan,courtesy name Yuansu,art name Ziru,was a Chinese politician,military general and writer who served under the Ming dynasty. Widely regarded as a patriot in Chinese culture,he is best known for defending Liaoning from invasions launched by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty. As a general,Yuan Chonghuan excelled as a cannoneer and sought to incorporate European cannon designs into the Ming arsenal.
Northeast China is a geographical region of China. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of the Greater Khingan Range,namely Liaoning,Jilin,and Heilongjiang,but historically is meant to also encompass the four easternmost prefectures of Inner Mongolia west of the Greater Khingan. The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain,the largest plain in China,with an area of over 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from Russian Far East to the north by the Amur,Argun,and Ussuri Rivers;from Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers;and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River.
Zongdu,usually translated as Viceroy,Head of State or Governor-General,governed one territory or more provinces of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The Fengtian clique was the faction that supported warlord Zhang Zuolin during the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It took its name from Fengtian Province,which served as its original base of support,but quickly came to control all of the Three Northeastern Provinces. The clique received support from Japan in exchange for protecting Japanese military and economic interests in Manchuria. The Fengtian Army frequently intervened in many of the conflicts of the Warlord Era.
The Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924 was a conflict between the Japanese-backed Fengtian clique based in Manchuria,and the more liberal Zhili clique controlling Beijing and backed by Anglo-American business interests. The war is considered the most significant in China's Warlord era,with the Beijing coup by Christian warlord Feng Yuxiang leading to the overall defeat of the Zhili clique. During the war the two cliques fought one large battle near Tianjin in October 1924,as well as a number of smaller skirmishes and sieges. Afterwards,both Feng and Zhang Zuolin,the latter being ruler of the Fengtian clique,appointed Duan Qirui as a figurehead prime minister. In south and central China,more liberal Chinese were dismayed by the Fengtian's advance and by the resulting power vacuum. A wave of protests followed. The war also distracted the northern warlords from the Soviet-backed Nationalists based in the southern province of Guangdong,allowing unhampered preparation for the Northern Expedition (1926–1928),which united China under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek.
The Pacification of Manchukuo was a Japanese counterinsurgency campaign to suppress any armed resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo from various anti-Japanese volunteer armies in occupied Manchuria and later the Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. The operations were carried out by the Imperial Japanese Kwantung Army and the collaborationist forces of the Manchukuo government from March 1932 until 1942,and resulted in a Japanese victory.
The politics of Liaoning Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a single party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
Qiuliju was a leader of the Wuhuan tribes in Liaoxi Commandery during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He had about 5,000 tribal clans under his rule.
The Viceroy of Liangjiang,fully named in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages,Management of Rivers,and Administration on Nanhe Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province and then Jiangxi Province. The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.
Zhao Erxun,courtesy name Cishan,art name Wubu,was a Chinese political and military officeholder who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He served in numerous high-ranking positions under the Qing government,including Viceroy of Sichuan,Viceroy of Huguang,and Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces. After the fall of the Qing dynasty,he became a historian and was the lead editor of the Draft History of Qing.
The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Shaanxi,Gansu and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages,Tea and Horses and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Shaanxi Province and then Gansu Province.
The Viceroy of Yun-Gui,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Yun-Gui Provinces and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty of China. The Viceroy of Yun-Gui had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Yunnan Province and then Guizhou Province.
Zhu Qinglan,formerly transliterated as Chu Ching-lan courtesy name Ziqiao was a Chinese military officer of the Republic of China
Manchuria under Qing rule was the rule of the Qing dynasty over Manchuria,including today's Manchuria/Northeast China and Outer Manchuria. The Qing dynasty itself was established by the Manchus,a Tungusic people from Manchuria,who later replaced the Ming dynasty as the ruling dynasty of China. Thus,Manchuria is often seen to have had a special status during the Qing and was not governed as regular provinces until the late Qing dynasty.
The Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor was an official decree issued by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor,the last emperor of the Qing dynasty of China,on 12 February 1912,as a response to the Xinhai Revolution. The revolution led to the self-declared independence of 13 southern Chinese provinces and the subsequent peace negotiation between the rest of Qing China and the collective of the southern provinces.
The Qing dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.
