[[Gong Xinzhan]] (acting)
[[Jin Yunpeng]]
[[Yan Huiqing]] (acting)
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[[Liang Shiyi]]
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Xu Shichang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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徐世昌 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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President of the Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 10 October 1918 –2 June 1922 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premier | Qian Nengxun Gong Xinzhan (acting) Jin Yunpeng Yan Huiqing (acting) Sa Zhenbing (acting) Liang Shiyi Zhou Ziqi (acting) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Feng Guozhang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Zhou Ziqi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premier of the Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 22 March –23 April 1916 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | Yuan Shikai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Lu Zhengxiang (as Prime Minister of the Empire of China) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Duan Qirui | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 1 May 1914 –22 December 1915 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
President | Yuan Shikai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Sun Baoqi (acting) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Lu Zhengxiang (as Prime Minister of the Empire of China) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Weihui,Henan,Qing Dynasty | 20 October 1855||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 5 June 1939 83) Tianjin,Republic of China | (aged||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Anfu Club | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Anhui clique | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Education | jinshi degree in Imperial examination (1886) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Xu Shichang (Hsu Shih-chang;Chinese :徐世昌; pinyin :XúShìchāng; Wade–Giles :Hsü2 Shih4-ch'ang1;courtesy name:Juren (Chu-jen;菊人);October 20,1855 –June 5,1939) was a Chinese politician who served as the President of the Republic of China,in Beijing,from 10 October 1918 to 2 June 1922. The only permanent president of the Beiyang government to be a civilian,his presidency was also the longest of the Warlord Era. Previously,he was Minister of the Cabinet of the Imperial Cabinet during the Qing Dynasty.
Xu Shichang's ancestral hometown was Yinxian County (current Yinzhou District),Ningbo,Zhejiang Province. Born in Weihui,Henan,he was Yuan Shikai's closest friend. He was at one time the Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces,served as minister of the cabinet in Prince Qing's Cabinet,[ citation needed ] and tutored Emperor of China Puyi. [1] At the end of the Qing dynasty,Xu was made chief of the general staff despite being a civilian.[ citation needed ] Following the overthrow of the monarchy and the Republic of China's establishment,he was appointed minister of state by Yuan Shikai in 1912,as the latter hoped that this would appease the pro-Qing Royalist Party. [1] Xu resigned as secretary of state (premier) in protest to Yuan's imperial ambition in late 1915. He resumed his post after Yuan abandoned monarchism on 22 March 1916. [2]
His election as president was largely engineered by Duan Qirui and his Anhui clique. He was chosen because he was a civilian yet had close ties to the Beiyang Army and was neutral to both its Zhili and Anhui cliques. Lacking any military power of his own,he had to play Duan,Zhili leader Cao Kun,and Fengtian leader Zhang Zuolin against each other to stay in power.
Xu believed the monarchy would eventually be restored,and to prepare Puyi for the challenges of the modern world had hired Reginald Johnston to teach Puyi "subjects such as political science,constitutional history and English". [3]
He held a massive celebration in Beijing for China's victory in World War I on 18 November 1918. However,he then brought troops into the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. A ceasefire with Sun Yat-sen's rival Constitutional Protection government was declared and intellectuals were given greater freedom. This lasted until news from France showed how Duan Qirui promised German territory in Shandong to Japan. Large student protests (May Fourth Movement) led to Xu cracking down with mass arrests. Ma Jun (馬駿),a Muslim,led protests against the Versailles Treaty. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] The delegation was ordered home and China refused to sign or ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Consequently,the shaky alliance between the Zhili and Anhui cliques collapsed with Duan decisively defeated. This led to the era of high warlordism. Conflict with the south flared again in 1920 and he also failed to retake Mongolia. Cao Kun,who never liked Xu,pressured him out of office and restored Li Yuanhong.
General Cao Kun was a Chinese warlord and politician,who served as the President of the Republic of China from 1923 to 1924,as well as the military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army;he also served as a trustee of the Catholic University of Peking.
The Beiyang Army,named after the Beiyang region,was a Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of the Qing military system in the wake of the Boxer Rebellion and the First Sino-Japanese War,becoming the dynasty's first regular army in terms of its training,equipment,and structure. The Beiyang Army played a major role in Chinese politics for at least three decades and arguably right up to 1949. It made the 1911 Revolution against the Qing dynasty possible,and,by dividing into warlord factions known as the Beiyang clique,ushered in a period of regional division.
Wu Peifu was a Chinese warlord and major figure in the Warlord Era in China from 1916 to 1927.
The Warlord Era was the period in the history of the Republic of China between 1916 and 1928,when control of the country was divided between former military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions. It began after the death of Yuan Shikai,the de facto dictator of China after the Xinhai Revolution had overthrown the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China in 1912. Yuan's death on 6 June 1916 created a power vacuum which was filled by military strongmen and widespread violence,chaos,and oppression. The Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government of Sun Yat-sen,based in Guangzhou,began to contest Yuan's Beiyang government based in Beijing for recognition as the legitimate government of China.
The Beiyang government was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928,based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army,giving it its name.
The Anhui clique was a military and political organization,one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named after Anhui province because several of its generals–including its founder,Duan Qirui–were born in Anhui.
The Zhili–Anhui War was a 1920 conflict in the Republic of China between the Zhili and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government.
The Constitutional Protection Movement was a series of movements led by Sun Yat-sen to resist the Beiyang government between 1917 and 1922,in which Sun established another government in Guangzhou as a result. It was known as the Fourth Revolution by the Kuomintang. The constitution that it intended to protect was the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. The first movement lasted from 1917 to 1920;the second from 1921 to 1922. An attempted third movement,begun in 1923,ultimately became the genesis for the Northern Expedition in 1926.
The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration,also known as Zhang Xun Restoration,or Xuantong Restoration,was an attempt to restore the Chinese monarchy by General Zhang Xun,whose army seized Beijing and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the Qing dynasty,Puyi,to the throne. The restoration lasted just less than two weeks,from July 1 to July 12,1917,and was quickly reversed by Republican troops. Despite the uprising's popular name,almost all putschists were ethnic Han.
Wang Shizhen,courtesy name Pinqing (聘卿),was a Chinese general and politician of the Republic of China.
Liang Shiyi was a Chinese minister who served as premier of China during the Beiyang government from 1921 to 1922.
The Communications Clique was a powerful interest group of politicians,bureaucrats,technocrats,businessmen,engineers,and labour unionists in China's Beiyang government (1912–1928). It is also known as the Cantonese Clique because many of its leaders hailed from Guangdong. They were named after the Ministry of Posts and Communications which was responsible for railways,postal delivery,shipping,and telephones as well as the Bank of Communications. This ministry earned five times more revenue for the government than all the other ministries combined.
Wang Yitang was a politician and military leader in the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China. He belonged to the Anhui clique and formed the Anfu Club (安福俱樂部). Later he became an important politician in the Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. His former name was Zhiyang (志洋) and his courtesy names were Shenwu (慎吾) and Shengong (什公). Later,his name was changed to Geng (賡) while his courtesy name was changed to Yitang (一堂). He was also known by his art name Yitang (揖唐). He was born in Hefei,Anhui.
Feng Guozhang was a Chinese general and politician in the late Qing dynasty and early republican China who was Vice President from 1916 to 1917 and then acting President of the Republic of China from 1917 to 1918. He emerged as one of the senior commanders of the Beiyang Army and is considered the founder of one of the main warlord factions,the Zhili clique,that vied for control of the internationally recognized government in China during the Warlord Era.
Duan Qirui was a Chinese warlord,politician and commander of the Beiyang Army who ruled as the effective dictator of northern China in the late 1910s. He was the Premier of the Republic of China on four occasions between 1913 and 1918,and from 1924 to 1926 he served as acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China in Beijing.
The 1918 Chinese National Assembly elections,held in May to June,were the elections for the second National Assembly. The bicameral assembly consisted of a senate and a house of representatives. Representatives were directly elected while senators were elected by provincial assemblies.
Qian Nengxun,courtesy name Ganchen (干臣) or Gancheng (干丞) was a Chinese politician from 1918 until his death in 1924. He served as the Premier of the Republic of China twice during the Warlord Era,in 1918 and 1919 and was the protegee of former president Xu Shichang. In 1922,Qian co-founded the charitable Red Swastika Society.
Long Jiguang (龍濟光) (1867–1925) was an ethnic Hani Chinese general of the late Qing and early Republican period of China.
The National Assembly was the legislative branch of the Beiyang government during the Republican era of Chinese history. The National Assembly was first founded in 1913,following the overthrow of the previous Qing dynasty,as the first free democratic legislature in Chinese history. It was disbanded less than a year later as President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial power and declared himself the Emperor of China. During the Warlord Era,the National Assembly was resurrected and disbanded more than once as different warlords vied for power and legitimacy.
The Tientsin Conference,beginning 10 November 1924,was a series of conferences between powerful Chinese warlords on the future government of China. It was hoped the result would be the reunification of the Beiyang government with the Kuomintang's rival government led by Sun Yat-sen in Canton and an end to the Warlord Era.