List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids

Last updated

This article is a list of Acacia species (sensu lato) that are known to contain psychoactive alkaloids, or are suspected of containing such alkaloids due to being psychoactive. The presence and constitution of alkaloids in nature can be highly variable, due to environmental and genetic factors.

Contents

Acacias known to contain psychoactive alkaloids

Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids
0.04-0.82% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.08% in ripe pods, mostly phenethylamine [1]
DMT in bark (up to 1.6%) and in leaves (0.6-1.0%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine; [2] 0.72% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine [3]
Acacia burkittii (syn. A. burkittii)
DMT in bark (0.2-1.2%), 0.1% alkaloids from leaves (mostly NMT); [4] 1.5% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine [5]
β-methyl-phenethylamine (N-methyl-phenethylamine), 2.4% in leaves; [6] 3.2% alkaloids in aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers) - about 70% was β-methyl-phenethylamine, with smaller amounts of phenethylamine [3]
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Besides this, there are independent claims of DMT in leaves and bark based on human bioassay, [2] and traces of 5-MeO-DMT, DMT and NMT were tentatively identified by TLC in twigs. [9] Root bark contains alkaloids that were not identified [10]
Alpina mueller.jpg
Dimethyltryptamine active levels in leaf [11] [ unreliable source? ]
Acacia aneura blossom.jpg
Ash used in Pituri. [12] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass. [13] Not known if psychoactive per se .
Acacia angustissima usgs.png
0.028% β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves, [14] DMT (0.00012-0.00102%) and N-methyltyramine (0.00011-0.005%) in leaves; [15] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC from roots in one test, not detected in follow up; 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC in seeds [9]
Acacia-aroma.jpg
Has been claimed to contain tryptamine alkaloids [16] and significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds, [17] but this needs confirmation and supporting information
Starr 031013-8001 Acacia auriculiformis.jpg
5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified in stem bark [9]
Acacia baileyana.jpg
0.02% alkaloids in spring (80% tetrahydroharman, 20% tryptamine), 0.028% autumn (tryptamine) and none in summer, with leaves of Californian plants; [18] traces of DMT and unidentified indoles tentatively detected in seeds [9]
Claimed to be psychoactive, [19] but supporting information is needed. Ash used in pituri [12]
Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg
Hordenine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine in leaves; [20] 0.28-0.66% N-methylphenethylamine in leaves. Causes stock intoxications in Texas. [14] [21] Claims of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and many other alkaloids [22] are suspect [23]
0.65% alkaloids from leaves and stems, 0.58% from pods and 0.09% from seeds, mostly phenethylamine [1]
Tryptamine and DMT N-oxide from bark [24]
0.02-0.06% alkaloids from stems and leaves, consisting of tryptamine and phenethylamine; [3] one screening found no alkaloids [25]
Acacia catechu - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-003.jpg
Acacia catechu (syn. A. polyacantha, A. suma)
Claims of DMT in the plant [26] have been referenced to works that do not support the claim. Needs research.
Acaciacaven29b.jpg
Claims of tryptamines in this species are unreferenced. Leaves of this (and/or other plants) and tobacco, are occasionally smoked with Anadenanthera seeds for psychoactive effects [27]
Acaciachundra.jpg
Acacia chundra (syn. A. catechu var. sundra)
Claims of DMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark are unreferenced. Needs research.
Claimed to contain up to or more than 1.8% DMT in bark, 0.2-0.6% in leaf, [28] Requires further confirmation.
0.3% N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, traces of tetrahydroharman in leaf and stem; [29] independent claims of DMT from bark [30] need confirmation
Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png
2.1% Nicotine (w/w), 1.2% calycotomine (d/w) from leaves [31] [32]
Starr 050107-2872 Acacia confusa.jpg
0.074% alkaloids from stems (20% DMT, 80% NMT); [33] NMT and an unidentified tryptamine alkaloid from trunk bark; [34] [35] 2.85% alkaloids from root bark (45% DMT, 55% NMT); [36] 0.005% DMT, 0.009% DMT N-oxide, 0.006% NMT and 0.007% N-chloromethyl-DMT (might be artefact of extraction) from unspecified parts [37]
Acacia constricta flower.jpg
0.02% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine (tentatively identified) [14]
Ash used in Pituri. [12] [38] Not known if psychoactive.
A-cornigera.jpg
May be psychoactive, as the root is used as an aphrodisiac, and may have been added to the Central American balché beverage. [27] Claims of tryptamines in this species [39] might be speculation. Research needed.
Acacia cultriformis leaves.jpg
0.02-0.07% alkaloids in leaves and stems, including tryptamine (tentatively identified) and a phenethylamine. 0.04% alkaloids in seeds and unripe seed pods; [1] [3] [40] tentative observation of 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, stems and flowers [9]
Has been included on a list of psychoactive plants, [19] but requires supporting information
Has been included on a list of psychoactive plants, [19] but requires supporting information
Whistling thorn.jpg
DMT in bark (up to 1.4%) and leaves (0.5-0.8%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine [2]
Acacia falcata Eastwood.jpg
Psychoactive, [19] but less than 0.02% alkaloids [41]
Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg
Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT and an unidentified β-carboline from immature seed pods; [9] tryptamine in stem bark. [24] A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine from flowers is not supported by the reference given. [42] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass. [13] Alkaloids are present in the bark [43] and leaves. [44] Others found no alkaloids. [25] Claims of amphetamines and mescaline in the tree [39] appear to be groundless
Has been added to pulque, [27] but its psychoactivity is unknown
Up to 0.18% alkaloids from tops, mostly tryptamine with some phenethylamine; 0.15-1.18% alkaloids from flowers, equal amounts tryptamine and phenethylamine; [40] [45] traces of unidentified alkaloid from bark. [1] Recently found to actually contain mostly DMT (up to 0.1% from leaves, 0.3-0.5% from bark), with bark also containing NMT, and small amounts of tryptamine, harman and norharman [2]
Acacia greggii thorns.jpg
0.016% alkaloids from leaves, including (tentatively identified) N-methyl-β-phenethylamine and tyramine [14]
0.1-0.6% alkaloids in leaves, consisting of phenethylamine and hordenine at a ratio of 2:3; 0.3% alkaloids in bark [6] [25]
Hordenine, 1.2% in bark [6]
Acacia-horrida.jpg
Has been claimed to be psychoactive, but this is not supported by the reference given [38]
A.Implexa.jpg
Claimed to be psychoactive, [46] but this requires supporting information
Putative species claimed to contain DMT and NMT, without a reference; possibly assumed due to supposed use in jurema wine
Acacia karroo2.jpg
Probably psychoactive; roots used in Zimbabwe as an aphrodisiac and to treat dizziness, convulsions and body pains [47]
Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive. [38]
1.3-1.88% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly (92%) phenethylamine; [3] 0.9% β-methyl-phenethylamine from leaves [6]
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Needs research
Tryptamine in root bark [24]
Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive. [27]
Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg
0.2-1% alkaloids from tops, 0.14-0.29% from flowers; consisted mostly of tryptamine-like alkaloids (tryptamine itself found in some flowers), with small amount of phenethylamine. [1] [40] [45] Some strains have been found to contain up to 0.2% DMT in unspecified parts. [2] [48] Leaves, bark, pods, seeds and flowers all contained varying levels of histamine amides [49]
Contains alkaloids in leaves, stems and unripe seed pods [25] [40] but they have been poorly investigated. A claim of tryptamine in leaveand bark [17] requires a proper reference. Several reports of DMT content unconfirmed [2] [50]
Claimed to contain tryptamine, [17] but without a reference. Needs research
0.13-0.71% alkaloids from bark, consisting of NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio; [25] [51] both also present in leaves. Some varieties of the species are not good alkaloid sources. [2] Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT in wood and twigs, NMT in root [9]
Starr 031013-8002 Acacia mangium.jpg
Rumoured to contain DMT or similar psychoactive alkaloids [2]
Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpg
Some plants may contain DMT in the bark and leaf, but may have been misidentified as most do not. [2] Traces of alkaloids detected in bark, leaf and seed; sometimes no alkaloids [1] [25]
Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpg
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Needs research
DMT, NMT, tryptamine, other alkaloids [52]
Babool (Acacia nilotica) leaves & spines at Hodal W IMG 1251.jpg
One published report of DMT in the leaf [7] may derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Later analysis tentatively found 5-MeO-DMT in stems, leaves and roots; DMT, NMT and 5-MeO-DMT were tentatively observed in seeds, but follow-up tests were negative. [9] [53] Bark contains unidentified alkaloids [54] Bark in one sample subsequently found to contain an alkaloid which has an Rf value suggesting DMT. [55]
Acacia nilotica
subsp. adstringens
 		DMT and Harmane derivatives [56]
0.15-0.6% alkaloids from bark, 0.07% from fresh tips, [2] [25] [57] 0.15-0.3% from dried leaves. A small population seems to contain mainly DMT in bark, with most also containing other alkaloids including NMT, tryptamine, harman and norharman; leaves may contain more NMT than DMT. Some assays showed tentative presence of 5-MeO-DMT and/or bufotenine but these are unconfirmed and other assays did not detect them [2] [58] [59]
Acacia oerfota (syn. A. nubica)
0.016% DMT in leaf; [8] a claim of NMT in this species is unreferenced
Claimed to be psychoactive, [19] but supporting information is needed. Bark and leaves have been used to poison fish [60]
Acacia phlebophylla.jpg
0.3% DMT in leaf; [61] a claim of NMT [11] could not be found in the reference given and needs verification. Species is rare and threatened
Starr 020911-0004 Acacia podalyriifolia.jpg
0.11-0.29% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.11% from seeds and pods, mostly tryptamine and sometimes with phenethylamine also present; [1] [3] [40] a later analysis found 0.06% tryptamine from leaves (w/w) [62]
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha (syn. A. campylacantha)
0.004%% DMT in leaf; [8] claims of NMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark [63] are not supported by the reference given
Up to 0.44% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly phenethylamine [40]
Acacia prominens 3.jpg
Acacia prominens (syn. A. praetervisa)
0.17-0.65% alkaloids from stems and leaves, 1.8% from flowering tops, consisting of phenethylamine and β-methyl-phenethylamine [1] [3] [40] [64]
Ash used in Pituri. [12] [38] Not known if psychoactive.
0.02-0.09% alkaloids from stems and leaves, [40] 0.04% from tops, mostly tryptamine with some phenethylamine [45]
Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle.jpg
Less than 0.01% total alkaloids in leaf, [40] sometimes none. [25] 0.4% DMT in single tree [65]
Acacia melanoxylon2.jpg
0.01% Nicotine was reported from leaves, but identity of the plant was not certain; [66] claims of DMT and NMT in the plant [67] require verification or a proper reference
Acacia rigidula.jpg
0.025% alkaloids from leaves, including N-methyl-phenethylamine and N-methyl-tyramine (both tentatively identified). [14] Claims of DMT, NMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and many other alkaloids [68] are suspect [23]
Acacia roemeriana 01nsh.jpg
0.036% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine, tyramine and N-methyl-tyramine [14]
Acacia-salicina-pod-w-seeds.jpg
Ash used in Pituri. [12] [38] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpg
A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine, phenethylamine, amphetamines and mescaline in this species [39] lacks a reference and is highly dubious
β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves, tentatively identified [14]
Acacia senegal - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg
0.003% DMT in leaf; [8] claim of DMT in bark [17] requires verification
Acacia-seyal-leaves.jpg
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass. [13]
Img00522-A-sieberiana.jpg
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] However it is rumoured that unpublished analysis has found DMT in the plant [2]
Acacia simplex.jpg
Acacia simplex (syn. A. simplicifolia)
3.6% alkaloids from leaves and stem bark (40% NMT, 22.5% DMT, 12.7% 2-methyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline, and traces of N-formyl-NMT which might be an artefact of extraction) [69]
0.21-0.35% alkaloids from leaves and stems, about 2/3 phenethylamine [3]
Up to 0.89% alkaloids from leaves and stems, 0.05-0.17% from unripe pods, mostly phenethylamine [1] [40]
0.008% alkaloids from leaves including β-methyl-phenethylamine and tyramine (tentatively identified) [14]
Eat267.jpg
Published reports of DMT in the leaf [7] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species. [8] Needs research
Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem (up to 83% of total alkaloids); alkaloid content was highest in autumn and spring (0.12-0.28%), lowest in summer and winter (0.03-0.08%) [3]
Tentative positive for DMT in aerial parts of a 1 yr old plant, and 5-MeO-DMT in roots of 2 yr old seedlings; [9] a formal screening found no alkaloids in leaf and stem. [25] Appears to contain DMT based on human bioassays [2]

Acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled [41]

Species containing a concentration of alkaloids of 0-0.02% include:

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyltryptamine Chemical compound

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including humans, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen.

<i>Prosopis</i> Genus of legumes

Prosopis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It contains around 45 species of spiny trees and shrubs found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Western Asia, and South Asia. They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to drought, on occasion developing extremely deep root systems. Their wood is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pods and may contain large amounts of sugar. The generic name means "burdock" in late Latin and originated in the Greek language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harmala alkaloid</span> Group of chemical compounds

Harmala alkaloids are several alkaloids that increase effects of reward system neurotransmitter dopamine by acting as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These alkaloids are found in the seeds of Peganum harmala, as well as leaves of tobacco and coffee beans. The alkaloids include harmine, harmaline, harmalol, and their derivatives, which have similar chemical structures, hence the name "harmala alkaloids". These alkaloids are of interest for their use in Amazonian shamanism, where they are derived from other plants. Harmine, once known as telepathine and banisterine, is a naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloid that is structurally related to harmaline, and also found in the vine Banisteriopsis caapi. Tetrahydroharmine is also found in B. caapi and P. harmala. Dr. Alexander Shulgin has suggested that harmine may be a breakdown product of harmaline. Harmine and harmaline are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs). They can stimulate the central nervous system by inhibiting the metabolism of monoamine compounds such as serotonin and norepinephrine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytochemistry</span> Study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including to protect themselves against insect attacks and plant diseases. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most can be grouped into four major biosynthetic classes: alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids.

Harmine is a beta-carboline and a harmala alkaloid. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Syrian rue and Banisteriopsis caapi. Harmine reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme which breaks down monoamines, making it a Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA). Harmine does not inhibit MAO-B. Harmine is also known as banisterin, banisterine, telopathin, telepathine, leucoharmine and yagin, yageine.

<i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i> Species of plant

Mimosa tenuiflora, syn. Mimosa hostilis, also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil and found as far north as southern Mexico, and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela. It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

<i>Senegalia senegal</i> Species of deciduous tree

Senegalia senegal is a small thorny deciduous tree from the genus Senegalia, which is known by several common names, including gum acacia, gum arabic tree, Sudan gum and Sudan gum arabic. In parts of India, it is known as Kher or Khor. It is native to semi-desert regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Oman, Pakistan, and west coastal India. It grows to a height of 5–12 metres (16-40'), with a trunk up to 30 cm (1') in diameter. Sudan is the source of the world's highest quality gum arabic, known locally as hashab gum in contrast to the related, but inferior, gum arabic from Red acacia or talah gum.

<i>N</i>-Methyltryptamine Chemical compound

N-Methyltryptamine (NMT) is a member of the substituted tryptamine chemical class and a natural product which is biosynthesized in the human body from tryptamine by certain N-methyltransferase enzymes, such as indolethylamine N-methyltransferase. It is a common component in human urine. NMT is an alkaloid derived from L-tryptophan that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of several plant genera, including Virola, Acacia, Mimosa, and Desmanthus—often together with the related compounds N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT).

<i>Acacia confusa</i> Species of plant

Acacia confusa is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. Some common names for it are acacia petit feuille, Ayangile, small Philippine acacia, Formosa acacia, Philippine Wattle, and Formosan koa. It grows to a height of 15 m. The tree has become very common in many tropical Pacific areas, including Hawaii, where the species is considered invasive.

<i>Acacia obtusifolia</i> Species of legume

Acacia obtusifolia, commonly known as stiff-leaf wattle or blunt-leaf wattle, is a perennial tree in subfamily Mimosoideae of family Fabaceae.

<i>Senegalia berlandieri</i> Species of plant

Senegalia berlandieri is a shrub native to the Southwestern United States and northeast Mexico that belongs to the Mimosoid clade of Fabaceae. It grows 1 to 5 metres tall, with blossoms that are spherical and white, occurring from February through April. The berlandieri epithet comes from the name of Jean-Louis Berlandier, a French naturalist who studied wildlife native to Texas and Mexico. S. berlandieri contains a wide variety of alkaloids and has been known to cause toxic reactions in domestic animals such as goats.

<i>Vachellia rigidula</i> Species of plant

Vachellia rigidula, commonly known as blackbrush acacia or chaparro prieto, and also known as Acacia rigidula, is a species of shrub or small tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. Its native range stretches from Texas in the United States south to central Mexico. This perennial is not listed as being threatened. It reaches a height of 5–15 feet (1.5–4.6 m). Blackbrush acacia grows on limestone hillsides and canyons.

<i>Albizia lebbeck</i> Species of legume

Albizia lebbeck is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent and Myanmar. It is widely cultivated and naturalised in other tropical and subtropical regions, including Australia. Common names in English include siris, Indian siris, East Indian walnut, Broome raintree, lebbeck, lebbek tree, frywood, koko and woman's tongue tree. The latter name is a play on the sound the seeds make as they rattle inside the pods. Siris is also a common name of the genus Albizia.

<i>Pseudalbizzia inundata</i> Species of legume

Pseudalbizzia inundata is a perennial tree native to South America. Common names include maloxo, muqum, paloflojo, timbo blanco, timbo-ata, and also "canafistula" though this usually refers Cassia fistula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">6-MeO-THH</span> Chemical compound

6-MeO-THH, or 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroharman, is a β-carboline derivative and a structural isomer of tetrahydroharmine (7-MeO-THH). 6-MeO-THH is mentioned in Alexander Shulgin's book TiHKAL, stating that 6-MeO-THH is very similar to the other carbolines. Limited testing suggests that it possesses mild psychoactive effects at 1.5 mg/kg and is said to be about one-third as potent as 6-methoxyharmalan. It has been isolated from certain plants of the Virola family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substituted tryptamine</span> Class of indoles

Substituted tryptamines, or serotonin analogues, are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino (NH2) group via an ethyl (−CH2–CH2−) sidechain. In substituted tryptamines, the indole ring, sidechain, and/or amino group are modified by substituting another group for one of the hydrogen (H) atoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychoactive plant</span>

Psychoactive plants are plants, or preparations thereof, that upon ingestion induce psychotropic effects. As stated in a reference work:

Psychoactive plants are plants that people ingest in the form of simple or complex preparations in order to affect the mind or alter the state of consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lespedamine</span> Chemical compound

Lespedamine is an indole alkaloid and substituted tryptamine present in the plant Lespedeza bicolor. The alkaloid bears a close structural resemblance to the psychedelic alkaloid dimethyltryptamine and was speculated to have psychoactivity by Alexander Shulgin. No reports on lespedamine's biological activity have been published.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 White, E.P. 1951. “Legumes examined for alkaloids – additions and corrections.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 33B:54-60.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 recent Net reports, Australian underground info
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 White, E.P. 1957. “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species for alkaloids.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 38B:718-725.
  4. ↑ name="independent assay"/>
  5. ↑ name="White1957" />
  6. 1 2 3 4 Fitzgerald, J.S. 1964. "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae III. The Occurrence of Phenylethylamine Derivatives in Acacia Species." Aust. J . Chem. 17:160-2.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shulgin, A. & Shulgin, A. 1997. TIHKAL. Transform Press, California.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Khalil, S.K.W. & Elkheir, Y.M. 1975. “Dimethyltryptamine from the leaves of certain Acacia species of Northern Sudan.” Lloydia 38(3):176-177.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Trout, K. & Friends. 2007. Some Simple Tryptamines. Second edition. Mydriatic Productions, USA.
  10. ↑ Salisu, Y. et al. 2009. “Hypoglycaemic effects of Acacia albida Del. (Mimosaceae) methanol root bark extract.” Nigerian J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(1):66-72.
  11. 1 2 "Plants & Seeds > A - E > Acacia spp. | Shaman Australis Botanicals" . Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06 Archived December 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Camp, B.J. & Norvell, M.J. 1966. "The phenethylamine alkaloids of native range plants." Economic Botany 20:274-278.
  15. ↑ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
  16. ↑ "Ayahuasca - Maya Ethnobotanicals". 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Acacia (Polish)" . Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  18. ↑ Repke, D.B. et al. 1973. “Alkaloids of Acacia baileyana.” Lloydia 36(2):211-213.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "www.bushfood.net". Archived from the original on 4 August 2014.
  20. ↑ Adams, H.R. & Camp, B.J. 1966. “The isolation and identification of three alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri.” Toxicon 4:85-90.
  21. ↑ Camp, B.J. & Moore, J.A. 1960. “A quantitative method for the alkaloid of Acacia berlandieri.” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 49:158-160.
  22. ↑ Clement, B.A. et al. 1997. “Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri.” Phytochemistry 46(2):249-254.
  23. 1 2 "Ask Dr. Shulgin Online September 26, 2001". www.cognitiveliberty.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 Ghosal, S. 1972. "Occurrence of psychodelic substances in some Indian medicinal plants." Planta Medica 21:200-209.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Collins, D.J. et al. 1990. Plants For Medicines. CSIRO Australia.
  26. ↑ Secret drugs of Buddhism anonymshare.com
  27. 1 2 3 4 Rätsch, C. 2005. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (English language edition). Park Street Press, Vermont.
  28. ↑ "Dr Karl's Q&A forum". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  29. ↑ Johns, S.R. et al. 1966. “Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae VII. Nb-methyltetrahydroharman from Acacia complanata A. Cunn. ex Benth.” Australian Journal of Chemistry 19:1539-1540.
  30. ↑ "Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  31. ↑ Gupta, G.L. & Nigam, S.S. 1971. "Chemical examination of the leaves of Acacia concinna." Planta Medica 19:55-62.
  32. ↑ "SBEPL". Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  33. ↑ Arthur, H.R. et al. 1967. "Nb-Methylated tryptamines and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong." Australian Journal of Chemistry 20:811-813.
  34. ↑ Lou, V. et al. 1965 . “Isolation of N-methyltryptamine from Acacia confusa bark.” Lloydia 28(3):207-208.
  35. ↑ Reference 32 may be outdated?
  36. ↑ Liu, K.-C. et al. 1977. “Studies on the constituents of the cortex radicis of Acacia confusa.” Chemistry (The Chinese Chemical Society, Taiwan) 1:15-16.
  37. ↑ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages359 - 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN   978-3-85502-570-1 at "DeutschesFachbuch.de : Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen von Christian Rätsch". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  39. 1 2 3 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 White, E.P. 1944a. “Isolation of β-phenethylamine from Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:139-142.
  41. 1 2 Hegnauer, R. (30 July 1996). "Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae". Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved 25 November 2023– via Google Books.
  42. ↑ "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014.
  43. ↑ Aroma www.bpi.da.gov.ph Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ "Acacia farnesiana". hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 White, E.P. 1944b. “Isolation of tryptamine from some Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:157-162.
  46. ↑ "Lista över hallucinogena växter, svampar och djur - Magiska Molekylers Wiki". wiki.magiskamolekyler.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  47. ↑ Stafford, G. et al. 2008. “Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119:513-537.
  48. ↑ Lycaeum Acacia longifolia Archived April 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Repke, D.B. 1975. “The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia.” Lloydia 38(2):101-105.
  50. ↑ Internal Sydney University Bulletin 1993
  51. ↑ Fitzgerald, J.S. & Sioumis, A.A. 1965. “Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. V. The occurrence of methylated tryptamines in Acacia maidenii F. Muell.” Aust. J. Chem. 18:433-434.
  52. ↑ S. Voogelbreinder Garden Of Eden 2009
  53. ↑ Heffter, B. 1996. "Ask Barney" column. Crash Collusion magazine 8:39-43. Berkeley, California.
  54. ↑ Banso, A. 2009. “Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica.” J. of Medicinal Plants Research 3(2):82-85.
  55. ↑ Shakya et al 2012
  56. ↑ Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa, Oliver-Bever, Cambridge University Press, 1986
  57. ↑ "Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies". Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  58. ↑ Mulga. 2005. "HPLC-MS analysis of Acacia obtusifolia." The Entheogen Review 14(1):113-115.
  59. ↑ Trout, K. 2005. "Some thoughts on analysis and comparisons of extracts and synthetic DMT." The Entheogen review 14(1):116-118.
  60. ↑ Hurst, E. 1942. The Poison Plants of New South Wales. Snelling Printing Works, Sydney.
  61. ↑ Rovelli, B. & Vaughan, G.N. 1967. “Alkaloids of Acacia I. NbNb-Dimethyltryptamine in Acacia phlebophylla F. Muell.” Aust. J. Chem. 20:1299-1300.
  62. ↑ Balandrin, M.F. et al. 1978. “Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives.” Journal of Chromatography 157:365-370.
  63. ↑ "Hortipedia". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  64. ↑ White, E.P. 1954. “The occurrence of N-methyl-β-phenylethylamine in Acacia prominens A. Cunn.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 35B:451-455.
  65. ↑ Nen. Talk at Intra Cortex 2002 Doon Doon, NSW
  66. ↑ Fikenscher, L.H. 1960. “Het voorkomen van nicotine in het genus Acacia.” Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 95:233-235.
  67. ↑ "Pflanzentabelle APB (German)". Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  68. ↑ Clement, B.A. et al. 1998. “Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia rigidula.” Phytochemistry 49(5):1377-1380.
  69. ↑ Poupat, C. et al. 1976. “Alcaloïdes de Acacia simplicifolia.” Phytochemistry 15:2019-2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.