List of German field marshals

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Field marshal (German : Generalfeldmarschall ) was usually the highest military rank in various German armed forces. It had existed, under slightly different names, in several German states since 1631. [1] After the unification of Germany it was the highest military rank of the Imperial German Army and later in the Wehrmacht [a] [b] until it was abolished in 1945. [2]

Contents

The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the royal family. [3] In the Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (German : Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow. Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.

Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathPortraitReference
Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg 21 June 16311583–1641 Hans Georg von Arnim.jpg [4]
Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg24 November 16321598–1642 Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg.jpg
Rudolf Graf von Marzin 19 October 16381585–1645 Rudolf von Morzin.jpg [5]
Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein 1 January 16661605–76 Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein 1605.jpg
Joachim Rüdiger of Goltz28 August 16811620–88 Joachim Ruediger vonder Goltz.jpg [6]
Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming 8 September 16881632–1706 WP Heino Heinrich von Flemming.jpg
Hans Adam von Schöning 9 April 16911641–96 Schoning, Hans Adam von (1641-1696).jpg
Jeremias of Chauvet10 May 1693Unknown–1699
[7]
Heinrich VI Reuß zu Obergreiz30 September 16971649–97 Heinrich VI. Graf Reuss zu Obergreiz (1649-1697).jpg
Adam Heinrich von Steinau 27 August 1699Unknown–1712
Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy 3 December 17061651–1710 Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy2.jpg
Jacob Heinrich von Flemming 22 February 17121667–1728 Jokubas Henrikas Flemingas.jpg
Christoph August of Wackerbarth17 April 17301662–1734 August von Wackerbarth (1662-1734).jpg [8]
Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels 26 November 17351685–1746 Antoine Pesne (1683-1757) - John Adolphus II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1685-1746) - RCIN 405656 - Royal Collection.jpg [9]
Frederick Augustus Rutowsky 11 January 17491702–64 Fryderyk August Rutowski.jpeg
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe 27 July 17631704–74 Johann George Chevalier de Saxe.jpg [10]
Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau 6 January 17751705–81 Friedrich Heinrich Eugen von Anhalt-Dessau (1705-1781).jpg
Albert of Saxony 11 July 18711828–1902 Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900cr.jpg [11]
Georg of Saxony 14 June 18881832–1904 George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg

Electorate (1623–1806) and Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1918)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathPortraitReference
Johann Jakob von Anholt 30 May 16221599–1645 Johann Jakob von Bronckhorst-Batenburg Merian 1662.jpg [12] [13]
Gottfried von Pappenheim 3 December 16301594–1632 Gottfried Heinrich von Pappenheim.jpg [12] [14]
Johann von Götzen 26 January 16361582–1630 Johannes Gotzen.jpg [12] [15]
Joachim Christian von Wahl 29 May 16401590–1644 Joachim Christian von der Wahl.jpg [12]
Franz von Mercy 31 May 16431597–1645 Franz von Mercy.jpg [12] [16]
Gottfried Huyn von Geleen 28 September 16451598–1657 Godefridus Comes ab Huyn.jpg [12] [17]
Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst 29 August 16471598–1662 Kupferstich - Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld - Widenmann - 1651.jpg [12]
Johann von Reuschenberg 30 January 16481603–1660 Johannes Ernst Freiherr von Reuschenberg.png [12] [18]
Adrian von Enkevort 11 July 16481603–1663 General Freyherr von Enckenfort.JPG [12] [19]
Philip Florinus of Sulzbach 28 March 16751630–1703 Filip, 1630-1703, pfalzgreve av Sulzbach (Abraham Wuchters) - Nationalmuseum - 15755.tif [20]
Jean Baptist, Comte d'Arco 14 September 17021650–1715 Johann Baptist Graf von Arco.jpg [21]
Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff 22 May 17421673–1763 Sachsen sonst und jetzt (192)a.jpg [22]
Karl Philipp von Wrede 7 March 18171767–1838 Karl Philipp Wrede.jpg [23]
Carl, Prinz von Bayern 17 January 18411795–1875 Karl Prinz von Bayern.JPG [23]
Prince Leopold of Bavaria 1 January 19051846–1930 Leopold II of Bavaria (1907).jpg [24]
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1 August 19161869–1955 Flanders. Crown Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria - NARA - 17390954 (cropped).jpg [25]

Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathPortraitReference
Otto Christoph von Sparr 20 June 16571599–1668 OttoChristophvonSparr.JPG [26]
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 24 January 16701627–93 John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [26]
Georg von Derfflinger 18 February 16701606–95 Georg von Derfflinger.png [26]
Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben 23 March 17061650–1734 Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben.jpg [27]
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 17121676–1747 Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpeg [28]
Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum 17131650–1719 Wylich und Lottum, Karl Philipp Graf von (1650-1719).jpg [29]
Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten 17131661–1728 Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander Burggraf und Graf zu (1661-1728)2.jpg [30]
Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer 17281654–1739 Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer.jpg [31]
Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein 17331660–1735 Albr.Konr.Finckenstein.jpg [32]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow 17371678–1739 Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow.PNG [31]
Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin 17401684–1757 Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin.jpg [33]
Caspar Otto von Glasenapp 17411664–1747 Caspar Otto von Glasenapp Gouverneur.jpg [34]
Samuel von Schmettau 17411684–1751 Samuel von Schmettau AGE V11 1803.jpg [35]
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 16 May 17421690–1747 Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1725 (Antoine Pesne).jpg [36]
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 17 May 17421700–51 Leopold II. Maximilian von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [37]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow 15 January 17451669–1758 Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow (unbekannter Maler).jpg [38]
Henning Alexander von Kleist 24 May 17471677–1749 HenningAlexandervonKleist.JPG [39]
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein 24 May 17471682–1759 WP Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein.jpg [39]
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau 24 May 17471702–69 Dietrich von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [39]
James Francis Edward Keith 18 September 17471696–1758 Generalfeldmarschall Keith (Pesne).jpg [40]
Hans von Lehwaldt 17511685–1768 Johann von Lewaldt RSAO.png [41]
Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau 17571712–60 Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [42]
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 15 November 17581721–92 Prinz Ferdinand Braunschweig.jpg [43]
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 17871735–1806 BraunschweigLKWF.jpg [44]
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf 17931724–1816 WichardvonMoellendorff.JPG [45]
Alexander von Knobelsdorff 20 May 17981723–99 Field Marshal von Knobelsdorff, German School of the 18th century.jpg [46]
Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein 21 May 17981725–1800 Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein.jpg [47]
Friedrich Adolf Graf von Kalckreuth July 18071737–1818 Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth.jpg [48]
Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière July 18071733–1811 WP Wilhelm Rene de l'Homme de Courbiere.jpg [49]
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 19 October 18131742–1819 Blucher (nach Gebauer).jpg [50]
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 15 November 18181769–1852 Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png [51]
Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf 18211762–1823 Hermann Scherenberg-Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf.jpg [52]
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 18211759–1830 Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.jpg [53]
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 18251760–1831 George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760-1831), 1818.jpg [54]
Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten 18391770–1848 GrafVonZieten.png [55]
Karl Freiherr von Müffling 5 October 18471775–1851 WP Karl von Muffling.jpg [56]
Hermann von Boyen 7 October 18471771–1848 Boyen.jpg [57]
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck 9 October 18471768–1848 Knesebeck.gif [58]
Karl Friedrich Emil zu Dohna-Schlobitten 14 March 18541784–1859 Friedrich Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten.png [59]
Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 5 August 18561784–1877 Feldmarschall Friedrich von Wrangel.jpg [60]
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia 28 October 18701828–85 Friedrich Karl von Preussen.jpg [1]
Prince Frederick William of Prussia 28 October 18701831–88 Friedrich III as Kronprinz - in GdK uniform by Heinrich von Angeli 1874.jpg [1]

German Empire (1871–1918)

NameDate of promotionBirth and DeathPortraitReference
Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld 8 April 18711796–1884 Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld (2).jpg [61]
Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz 8 April 18711796–1877 Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz.jpg [62]
Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke 16 June 18711800–91 Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke.jpg [63]
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 11 July 18711828–1902 Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg [64]
Albrecht von Roon 1 January 18731803–79 Count Albrecht von Roon circa 1870.jpg [65]
Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel 19 September 18731809–85 Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel by Adolphe Braun.png [66]
Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal 15 March 18881810–1900 Generalfeldmarschall Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal.JPG [67]
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony 15 March 18881832–1904 George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg [11]
Prince Albert of Prussia 19 June 18881837–1906 Prince Albrecht of Prussia in 1883.jpg [68]
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 19 June 18881817–95 Alberto Federico Rodolfo Domenico d'Asburgo-Teschen, arciduca d'Austria.jpg [69]
Franz Joseph I of Austria 27 February 18951830–1916 Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg [70]
Alfred von Waldersee 6 May 19001832–1904 Alfred von Waldersee (cropped).png [71]
Gottlieb Graf von Haeseler 1 January 19051836–1919 Gottliebvonhaeseler.jpeg [72]
Wilhelm von Hahnke 1 January 19051833–1912 Wilhelm von Hahnke.jpg [73]
Walter von Loë 1 January 19051828–1908 Baron Friedrich Karl Walter Degenhard von Loe.jpg [74]
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 9 September 1906 [c] 1850–1942 Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.jpg [75]
Carol I of Romania 20 April 19091839–1914 Carol I King of Romania.jpg [76]
Alfred von Schlieffen 1 January 19111833–1913 Alfred von Schlieffen 1906.jpg [77]
George V of the United Kingdom 16 May 1911 [c] 1865–1936 KingGeorgeVimage.jpg
Constantine I of Greece 8 August 19111868–1923 Constantine I of Greece.jpg [78]
Paul von Hindenburg 2 November 19141847–1934 Paul von Hindenburg (1914) von Nicola Perscheid (cropped).jpg [79]
Karl von Bülow 27 January 19151846–1921 Karl von Bulow c1915.jpg [80]
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen 22 June 19151856–1936 Freddyofaustria.jpg [81]
August von Mackensen 22 June 19151849–1945 General Feldmarschall August Von Mackensen (cropped).png [82]
Ludwig III of Bavaria 26 June 19151845–1921 Kingludwig3bavaria.jpg [83]
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf 19161852–1925 Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf (Hermann Torggler, 1915).jpg [84]
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 18 January 19161861–1948 Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg [85]
Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire 1 February 19161844–1918 Sultan Muhammed Chan V., Kaiser der Osmanen 1915 C. Pietzner.jpg
William II of Württemberg 23 July 19161848–1921 Andersen & Klemm - Wilhelm II. von Wurttemberg (1892 RB25-21).jpg [86]
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1 August 19161869–1955 Flanders. Crown Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria - NARA - 17390954 (cropped).jpg [87]
Prince Leopold of Bavaria 1 August 19161846–1930 Leopold II of Bavaria (1907).jpg [88]
Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg 1 August 19161865–1939 AlbrechtHerzogWurttemberg.jpg [89]
Charles I of Austria 12 February 19171887–1922 Emperor karl of austria-hungary 1917.png [90]
Hermann von Eichhorn 18 December 19171848–1918 Voneichornhermanngen.jpg [91]
Remus von Woyrsch 18 December 19171847–1920 Remus von Woyrsch 1915.jpg [92]

Weimar Republic (1918–33)

After the loss of the First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The military restrictions imposed by the treaty required the reduction of the German Army to 100,000 men, [93] a reduction of the German Navy, [93] and the abolition of the German Air Force. [93] As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

PortraitNameDate of promotionBranchRef.
Werner von Blomberg portrait.jpg
Blomberg, Werner Werner von Blomberg
(1878–1946)
20 April 1936War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [94]
Hermann Goring - Rohr.jpg
Göring, Hermann Hermann Göring
(1893–1946)
4 February 1938War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [95]
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1977-120-11, Fedor von Bock.jpg
Bock, Fedor Fedor von Bock
(1880–1945)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [96]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E00780, Walther von Brauchitsch.jpg
Brauchitsch, Walther Walther von Brauchitsch
(1881–1948)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [97]
Albert Kesselring portrait2.jpg
Kesselring, Albert Albert Kesselring
(1885–1960)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [98]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H30220, Wilhelm Keitel.jpg
Keitel, Wilhelm Wilhelm Keitel
(1882–1946)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [99]
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1973-139-14, Gunther v. Kluge.jpg
Kluge, Günther Günther von Kluge
(1882–1944)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [100]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L08126, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.jpg
Leeb, Wilhelm Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
(1876–1956)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [101]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S36487, Wilhelm List.jpg
List, Wilhelm Wilhelm List
(1880–1971)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [102]
Erhard Milch.jpg
Milch, Erhard Erhard Milch
(1892–1972)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [103]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B05284, Walter v. Reichenau.jpg
Reichenau, Walter Walter von Reichenau
(1884–1942)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [104]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S37772, Gerd v. Rundstedt.jpg
Rundstedt, Gerd Gerd von Rundstedt
(1875–1953)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [105]
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-121-30A, Hugo Sperrle.jpg
Sperrle, Hugo Hugo Sperrle
(1885–1953)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [106]
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-043-13, Erwin v. Witzleben.jpg
Witzleben, Erwin von Erwin von Witzleben
(1881–1944)
19 July 1940 War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [107]
Boehm Ermolli 1.JPG
Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard von Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
(1856–1941)
31 October 1940War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [108]
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-013-07, Erwin Rommel.jpg
Rommel, Erwin Erwin Rommel
(1891–1944)
22 June 1942War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [109]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R63872, Georg von Kuchler.jpg
Küchler, Georg von Georg von Küchler
(1881–1968)
30 June 1942War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [110]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H01757, Erich von Manstein.jpg
Manstein, Erich von Erich von Manstein
(1887–1973)
1 July 1942War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [110]
Friedrich Paulus by Johannes Hahle.jpg
Paulus, Friedrich Friedrich Paulus
(1890–1957)
31 January 1943War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [110]
Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch.jpg
Busch, Ernst Ernst Busch
(1885–1945)
1 February 1943War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [111]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0210-503, General Ewald von Kleist.jpg
Kleist, Paul Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
(1881–1954)
1 February 1943War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [110]
Maximillian von Weichs.jpg
Weichs, Maximilian Maximilian von Weichs
(1881–1954)
1 February 1943War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [110]
Portrat Generalmajor Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, sitzend Bild 183-J1005-0502-001 (cropped).jpg
Richthofen, Wolfram Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
(1895–1945)
16 February 1943War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [110]
Walther Model on the front.jpg
Model, Walter Walter Model
(1891–1945)
1 March 1944War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [112]
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L29176, Ferdinand Schorner.jpg
Schörner, Ferdinand Ferdinand Schörner
(1892–1973)
5 April 1945War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  German Army [113]
Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-401-0204-25, Robert Ritter v. Greim.jpg
Greim, Robert Robert Ritter von Greim
(1892–1945)
25 April 1945War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Luftwaffe [114]

See also

Notes

  1. The Imperial German Navy and the Kriegsmarine used the rank of Grand Admiral (German: Großadmiral) instead.
  2. In 1940 Hermann Göring was promoted to Reichsmarschall, a rank higher than that of field marshal and was the only one to hold this rank. This was done so as to make Göring superior to other field marshals and recognize him as the second man in Hitler's Reich. [115]
  3. 1 2 Until 1915

References

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  94. Tague 2011, p. 62.
  95. Alford 2003, p. 67.
  96. Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 497.
  97. Biesinger 2006, p. 288.
  98. Kesselring 1970, p. 64.
  99. Goldensohn 2010, p. 157.
  100. Biesinger 2006, p. 510.
  101. Mineau 2004, p. 109.
  102. Williamson 2006, p. 109.
  103. Wright 2009, p. 110.
  104. Tague 2011, p. 28.
  105. Wood 2014, p. 35.
  106. Frankel 2004, p. 14.
  107. Mitcham 2006, p. 14.
  108. Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 216.
  109. Breuer 2002, p. 131.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matthews 2013, p. 349.
  111. Tague 2011, p. 326.
  112. Mitcham 2007, p. 200.
  113. Pawly 2012, p. 289
  114. Wistrich 1982, p. 84
  115. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 198.

Sources