List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples

The Lushootseed-speaking peoples, sometimes known as the Lushootseed people, ^{[1] [2]} are a group of peoples Indigenous to the Pacific Northwest who are linguistically related along the Lushootseed dialect continuum.

Lushootseed-speaking groups were traditionally politically autonomous at the local, or village, level, so there was no historical term to refer to all Lushootseed-speaking peoples. ^[3] Words like (dxʷ)ləšucid ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ or ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ kʷi gʷədxʷləšucideb (lit. "Lushootseed peoples" or "Peoples who speak Lushootseed") are sometimes used in modern times. ^[4]

All historically attested extended village groups or bands are listed, grouped by modern-day tribal units, sub-units, and further sub-units:

Northern Lushootseed

Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid) ^[5] is spoken by peoples living generally in Island, Skagit, Snohomish, and parts of Whatcom counties. Northern Lushootseed-speaking communities include:

• Upper Skagit – sqaǰətabš ^[5]
  • Nuwhaha – dxʷʔaha ^{[5] : 4}
    • Lake Whatcom village – sx̌ačuʔabš ^[6]
    • Lake Samish village – stiksabš ^{[3] : 20}
  • Nookachamps – duqʷəčabš ^{[5] : 85}
    • Mount Vernon village – dᶻalqahabš ^{[3] : 16}
    • Big Lake village - cəlaɬabš ^{[5] : 43}
  • Mesekwegwils – bəsikʷigʷilc ^{[5] : 39}
  • Chobaabish – čubəʔabš ^{[5] : 66}
  • Baslo'alo – baslux̌ʔalux̌
  • Smaliwhu – sbaliʔxʷ ^{[5] : 33}
  • Silayucid – sʔilayucid ^[3]
  • Beskayucid – bəsq̓ixʷucid ^[3]
  • Miskaiwhu – bəsq̓ixʷixʷ ^{[5] : 187}
  • Kwabatsabsh – k̓ʷabacabš ^[3]
• Sauk – saʔqʷəbixʷ ^[7]
  • Suiattle – suyaƛ̕bixʷ ^[7]
• Stillaguamish – stuləgʷabš ^{[5] : 230}
  • Quadsack – qʷacaʔkʷbixʷ
• Swinomish – swədəbš ^{[5] : 246}
  • Squinamish – sqʷədəbš ^{[5] : 190}
  • Kikiallus – kikiyalus ^{[5] : 119}
  • (Lower) Skagit – sqaǰətabš ^[5]
• Snohomish – sduhubš ^[5]
  • Quil Ceda – qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš ^{[5] : 190}
  • Whidbey Island Snohomish – dəgʷasx̌abš ^{[5] : 79}
  • Sdodohobsh – sduduhubš
  • N'Quentlmamish – dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš ^{[5] : 126}

Southern Lushootseed

Southern Lushootseed, otherwise known as Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid) ^[8] is spoken by the various peoples, historical and contemporary, located in King, Pierce, Thurston, Mason, and Kitsap counties. Southern Lushootseed communities include:

• Skykomish – sq̓ixʷəbš ^[5]
  • Staktalijamish – st̕aq̓taliǰabš ^[5]
  • Upper Skykomish/Index people – bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
• Duwamish – dxʷdəwʔabš ^[5]
  • Shilshole – šilšulabš
  • Hachuamish – x̌ačuʔabš
    • Thornton Creek band – dəxʷx̌ʷubilabš
    • Union Bay band – sluʔwiɬabš
    • Renton band
    • May Creek band – šabalʔtxʷabš
    • Stkehlmish – saʔcaqaɬəbš
    • Juanita Creek band – təbɬtubixʷ
  • Sammamish – sc̓ababš ^[5]
  • Stkamish – stəqabš
• Suquamish – dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš ^[9]
  • Saktamish – sx̌aq̓tabš
• Puyallup – spuyaləpabš ^[5]
  • Hylebos Creek band – sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš ^[10]
  • Clarks Creek band – txʷskʷaqʷabš
  • Simons Creek band – sqʷədabš
  • Homamish – sxʷəbabš ^[11]
  • Shotlemamish – dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əbabš
  • Steilacoom – č̓tilqʷəbabš ^{[5] [10]}
    • Clover Creek band
• Nisqually – dxʷsqʷaliʔabš ^{[5] [12]}
  • Sequalitchew – sčəgʷaličabš
  • Lower Nisqually
  • Clear Creek band
  • Nisqually Lake band
  • Muck Creek band
  • Meshal/Mashel – bəšalabš ^[10]
• Squaxin Island – sqʷax̌sədəbš ^{[5] [13]}
  • Sahewamish – shiʔwəbš ^{[5] [13]}
  • T'Peeksin – təpikʷšədabš ^{[5] [13]}
  • Squiatl – sk̓ʷəyaiɬəbš ^[13]
  • Stechass – st̕č̓asəbš ^{[5] [13]}
  • Nusechatl – dəxʷč̓ič̓aʔaɬabš ^[13]

Whulshootseed

Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid) refers to the large subdialect of Southern Lushootseed spoken by the Snoqualmie and Muckleshoot peoples.

• Snoqualmie – sdukʷalbixʷ ^[5]
  • Tolt band – x̌alalʔtxʷabš ^[14]
  • Upper Snoqualmie/North Bend band – baqʷababš ^[14]
  • Fall City band ^[14]
• Muckleshoot – bəqəlšuɬ ^[5]
  • Skopamish – sxʷq̓ʷupabš ^[5]
    • Yilalkoamish – ʔilalqʷuʔabš ^[5]
    • Soos/Susabsh – sʔusabš
  • Smulkamish – sbalqʷuʔabš ^[5]
  • Stuck River band – stəx̌ʷabš
  • Upper Puyallup
  • Tkwakwamish – dxʷxʷaq̓ʷabš
  • South Prairie Creek band

See also

• Twana peoples
• List of Halkomelem-speaking peoples

References

1. Hess, Thom, "Introduction", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
2. Miller, Jay (1997). "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound" . Ethnohistory. 44 (2): 375–387. doi:10.2307/483373. ISSN   0014-1801. JSTOR   483373.
3. Collins, June M. (1974). Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington.
4. Waterman, T.T. (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ – Puget Sound Geographical Names. Seattle: Lushootseed Press.
5. Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN   0-295-97323-4.
6. Richardson, Allan; Galloway, Brent (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language. Vancouver: UBC Press.
7. "Sauk-Suiattle – Index". sauk-suiattle.com. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
8. "Puyallup Tribal Language – Home". www.puyalluptriballanguage.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
9. "The Suquamish Tribe – Home of the Suquamish People" . Retrieved September 24, 2023.
10. Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound". American Anthropologist . 43 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050. JSTOR   662952.
11. Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021). "Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
12. ":: Nisqually Indian Tribe Home Page". www.nisqually-nsn.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
13. "Who We Are – Squaxin Island Tribe" . Retrieved September 24, 2023.
14. Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987). "The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom" . Ethnology. 26 (2): 124. doi:10.2307/3773450. JSTOR   3773450.

Bibliography

• Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN   1879763117. LCCN   95-060060.