Puget Sound region

Last updated

Puget Sound region
CountryUnited States
State Washington
Core cities Seattle
Tacoma
Bellevue
Everett
Highest elevation

Mount Rainier
14,411 ft (4,392 m)
Lowest elevation

Sea level
0 ft (0 m)
Time zone UTC−08:00 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Area codes 206, 253, 360, 425, 564
Puget Sound, its basins, and major surrounding cities Map pugetsound.png
Puget Sound, its basins, and major surrounding cities

The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers.

Contents

Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region "Ish River country", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in "ish", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. [1] The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means "people of". [2]

History

Evening on Puget Sound by Edward S. Curtis, 1913 Edward S. Curtis Collection People 047.jpg
Evening on Puget Sound by Edward S. Curtis, 1913

The Puget Sound region was formed by the collision and attachment of many terranes ("microcontinents") to the North American Plate between about 50 to 10 million years ago. [3] About 15,000 years ago during the Vashon Glaciation, the Puget Sound region was covered by a lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The glacier that covered the area was about 3,000 feet (900 m) thick within the vicinity of Seattle. [4] By the time Captain George Vancouver found the Sound in 1792, early native people had already been there for over 5,000 years.

Logging started as early as 1853. In the 1880s logging railroads cut their way into Puget Sound. 1886 the St. Helens fire burned 300,000 acres (1,200 km2). Mount Rainier National Park started in 1899. The 1902 Yacolt Burn burned 600,000 acres (2,400 km2). Olympic National Park was established in 1938. [5]

George Vancouver explored Puget sound in 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on June 4, 1792, naming it for one of his officers, Lieutenant Peter Puget. It became part of the Oregon Country, and became U.S. territory when the 1846 Oregon Treaty was signed.

After arriving along the Oregon Trail, many settlers wandered north to what is now Washington and settled the Puget Sound area. The first non-indigenous settlement was New Market (now known as Tumwater) in 1846. In 1853 Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory. In 1888 the Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to eastern states.

For a long period Tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country and for a time possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II, and the Boeing Company became established in the area.

During World War II the Puget Sound area became a focus for the war industry, with Boeing producing many of the nation's heavy bombers and the ports of Seattle, Bremerton and Tacoma available for shipbuilding. The most important yards in the Sound during World War II were Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding's Seattle and Tacoma yards, also known as Todd Pacific, Todd Seattle and Todd Tacoma and the Puget Sound Navy Yard. They produced a significant portion of destroyers and escort carriers. Smaller operations included Winslow, Associated Shipbuilders and the Lake Washington Shipyard.

Since 1995, Puget Sound has been recognized as an American Viticultural Area by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. [6]

Political geography

The Seattle metropolitan area is shown in light blue. The Combined Statistical Area consists of both the blue and gold areas. Map of Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA and Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia CSA.svg
The Seattle metropolitan area is shown in light blue. The Combined Statistical Area consists of both the blue and gold areas.

The urban region designated the Puget Sound Region is centered on Seattle and consists of nine counties, two urban center cities and four satellite cities making up what has been dubbed "Pugetopolis." [7] Both urban core cities have large industrial areas and seaports plus a high-rise central business district. The satellite cities are primarily suburban, featuring a small downtown core and a small industrial area or port. The suburbs consist mostly of residences, strip malls, and shopping centers. The region is also home to numerous ports. The two largest and busiest are the Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma, which, if combined, comprise the third largest container port in North America after Los Angeles/Long Beach and New York/New Jersey. [8]

As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, the Seattle metropolitan area is officially the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and consists of: [9] [10]

Based on commuting patterns, the adjacent metropolitan areas of Olympia, Bremerton, and Mount Vernon, along with a few smaller satellite urban areas, are grouped together in a wider labor market region known as the Seattle–Tacoma combined statistical area (CSA), which encompasses most of the Puget Sound region. [10] [11] The population of this wider region is 4,269,349—almost two-thirds of Washington's population—as of 2012. [12] The Seattle CSA is the 12th largest CSA, and the 13th largest primary census statistical area in the country. The additional metropolitan and micropolitan areas included are: [10]

A state-run ferry system, Washington State Ferries, connects the larger islands to the Washington mainland, as well as both sides of the sound, allowing cars and people to move about the greater Puget Sound region.

Puget Sound from Space Needle High Rex.jpg
View of Puget Sound from the Space Needle

Climate

The region has a Csb (warm summer mediterranean) climate with some areas in the far east (western foothills of the Cascades) having an oceanic (Cfb) climate when the 30 millimetres (1.2 in) isotherm is used. The wet season is from October to April and is due to the Aleutian Low coming in from the northwest, and variation in winter rain from year to year is mostly due to variation in the strength of the Aleutian Low (strong = dry and weak = wet). The dry season (May-Sep) is caused by a subtropical high moving north from California. The driest part of the region is in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains around Sequim and Whidbey Island, receiving 40-75 cm of precipitation per year. The wettest part is in the foothills of both the Cascade and the Olympic Mts, and on the west side of the Sound, receiving 125-1000+ cm of precipitation per year. [13] [14]

Climate data for Seattle (SeaTac Airport), 1991–2020 normals, [lower-alpha 1] extremes 1894–present [lower-alpha 2]
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)67
(19)		70
(21)		79
(26)		89
(32)		93
(34)		108
(42)		103
(39)		99
(37)		98
(37)		89
(32)		74
(23)		66
(19)		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)57.0
(13.9)		59.1
(15.1)		66.4
(19.1)		74.3
(23.5)		81.9
(27.7)		85.8
(29.9)		91.2
(32.9)		89.9
(32.2)		84.1
(28.9)		72.0
(22.2)		61.6
(16.4)		56.8
(13.8)		94.1
(34.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)48.0
(8.9)		50.3
(10.2)		54.2
(12.3)		59.3
(15.2)		66.3
(19.1)		71.1
(21.7)		77.4
(25.2)		77.6
(25.3)		71.6
(22.0)		60.5
(15.8)		52.1
(11.2)		47.0
(8.3)		61.3
(16.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)42.8
(6.0)		44.0
(6.7)		47.1
(8.4)		51.3
(10.7)		57.5
(14.2)		62.0
(16.7)		67.1
(19.5)		67.4
(19.7)		62.6
(17.0)		53.8
(12.1)		46.5
(8.1)		42.0
(5.6)		53.7
(12.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)37.7
(3.2)		37.7
(3.2)		39.9
(4.4)		43.3
(6.3)		48.7
(9.3)		53.0
(11.7)		56.8
(13.8)		57.2
(14.0)		53.6
(12.0)		47.0
(8.3)		40.9
(4.9)		37.1
(2.8)		46.1
(7.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)26.1
(−3.3)		27.3
(−2.6)		31.3
(−0.4)		35.6
(2.0)		40.6
(4.8)		46.6
(8.1)		51.5
(10.8)		51.7
(10.9)		45.8
(7.7)		36.8
(2.7)		29.2
(−1.6)		25.4
(−3.7)		21.5
(−5.8)
Record low °F (°C)0
(−18)		1
(−17)		11
(−12)		29
(−2)		28
(−2)		38
(3)		43
(6)		44
(7)		35
(2)		28
(−2)		6
(−14)		6
(−14)		0
(−18)
Average precipitation inches (mm)5.78
(147)		3.76
(96)		4.17
(106)		3.18
(81)		1.88
(48)		1.45
(37)		0.60
(15)		0.97
(25)		1.61
(41)		3.91
(99)		6.31
(160)		5.72
(145)		39.34
(999)
Average snowfall inches (cm)1.8
(4.6)		2.2
(5.6)		0.4
(1.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.2
(0.51)		1.7
(4.3)		6.3
(16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)18.715.917.115.011.39.24.74.98.314.318.418.4156.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)1.41.20.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.21.54.7
Average relative humidity (%)78.075.273.671.468.967.165.468.273.278.679.880.173.3
Average dew point °F (°C)33.1
(0.6)		35.1
(1.7)		36.3
(2.4)		38.8
(3.8)		43.5
(6.4)		48.2
(9.0)		51.4
(10.8)		52.7
(11.5)		50.2
(10.1)		45.1
(7.3)		38.8
(3.8)		34.3
(1.3)		42.3
(5.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 69.8108.8178.4207.3253.7268.4312.0281.4221.7142.672.752.92,169.7
Percent possible sunshine 25384851545665645942262049
Average ultraviolet index 1235677653114
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990) [16] [17] [18]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV) [19]
Climate data for Olympia Regional Airport, Washington (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1948−present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)64
(18)		73
(23)		79
(26)		88
(31)		96
(36)		110
(43)		104
(40)		104
(40)		98
(37)		90
(32)		74
(23)		64
(18)		110
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)56.3
(13.5)		59.4
(15.2)		67.9
(19.9)		76.2
(24.6)		83.9
(28.8)		87.9
(31.1)		93.6
(34.2)		92.2
(33.4)		86.3
(30.2)		73.7
(23.2)		61.5
(16.4)		55.5
(13.1)		96.0
(35.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)46.0
(7.8)		49.1
(9.5)		53.7
(12.1)		58.9
(14.9)		66.1
(18.9)		70.8
(21.6)		77.6
(25.3)		78.0
(25.6)		72.1
(22.3)		60.2
(15.7)		50.6
(10.3)		44.9
(7.2)		60.7
(15.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)39.6
(4.2)		40.7
(4.8)		44.1
(6.7)		48.2
(9.0)		54.5
(12.5)		59.1
(15.1)		64.2
(17.9)		64.2
(17.9)		59.1
(15.1)		50.3
(10.2)		43.2
(6.2)		38.9
(3.8)		50.5
(10.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)33.2
(0.7)		32.3
(0.2)		34.5
(1.4)		37.5
(3.1)		43.0
(6.1)		47.4
(8.6)		50.7
(10.4)		50.5
(10.3)		46.2
(7.9)		40.5
(4.7)		35.8
(2.1)		32.8
(0.4)		40.4
(4.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)18.8
(−7.3)		19.0
(−7.2)		23.9
(−4.5)		27.5
(−2.5)		32.3
(0.2)		38.4
(3.6)		42.7
(5.9)		41.9
(5.5)		35.9
(2.2)		27.9
(−2.3)		21.6
(−5.8)		18.4
(−7.6)		12.6
(−10.8)
Record low °F (°C)−8
(−22)		−1
(−18)		9
(−13)		23
(−5)		25
(−4)		30
(−1)		35
(2)		33
(1)		25
(−4)		14
(−10)		−1
(−18)		−7
(−22)		−8
(−22)
Average precipitation inches (mm)7.80
(198)		5.09
(129)		5.68
(144)		3.67
(93)		2.26
(57)		1.46
(37)		0.53
(13)		0.96
(24)		2.04
(52)		5.07
(129)		8.21
(209)		7.85
(199)		50.62
(1,286)
Average snowfall inches (cm)2.0
(5.1)		0.6
(1.5)		0.1
(0.25)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		1.2
(3.0)		3.9
(9.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)20.316.418.816.311.48.54.04.88.115.119.520.2163.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)0.50.70.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.82.2
Average relative humidity (%)87.584.580.075.672.972.470.872.177.685.188.489.179.7
Average dew point °F (°C)34.5
(1.4)		36.0
(2.2)		36.9
(2.7)		39.2
(4.0)		43.9
(6.6)		48.9
(9.4)		52.0
(11.1)		52.7
(11.5)		49.6
(9.8)		44.8
(7.1)		39.6
(4.2)		35.4
(1.9)		42.8
(6.0)
Source 1: NOAA (dew points and relative humidity 1961–1990) [20] [21]
Source 2: National Weather Service [22]

Flora and fauna

Snow-capped peaks are a backdrop to many Puget Sound scenes. Here, Mount Rainier is seen from Gig Harbor. Mt Rainier distant-600px.jpg
Snow-capped peaks are a backdrop to many Puget Sound scenes. Here, Mount Rainier is seen from Gig Harbor.

North Pacific Oak Woodland is one of the principal plant associations of the Puget Trough, where many of the soils are well drained mesic. [23]

Places

Counties of the Puget Sound region:

In addition, the San Juan Islands (all of San Juan County plus a few islands belonging to Whatcom County) are often considered part of the greater Puget Sound area.[ citation needed ]

Prominent islands:

Puget Sound Pugetsoundwithcities.PNG
Puget Sound

Urban centers:

Satellite cities:

Other principal cities:

Military bases:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ↑ Official records are restricted to SeaTac Airport from January 1945 onward. [15]

Related Research Articles

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Puget Sound is a sound on the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected marine waterways and basins. A part of the Salish Sea, Puget Sound has one major and two minor connections to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which in turn connects to the open Pacific Ocean. The major connection is Admiralty Inlet; the minor connections are Deception Pass and the Swinomish Channel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kitsap County, Washington</span> County in Washington, United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington State Ferries</span> Public ferry service in Washington, US

Washington State Ferries (WSF) is a government agency that operates automobile and passenger ferry service in the U.S. state of Washington as part of the Washington State Department of Transportation. It runs ten routes serving 20 terminals located around Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands, designated as part of the state highway system. The agency maintains a fleet of 21 vessels that are able to carry passengers and vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kitsap Peninsula</span> Peninsula in Puget Sound, Washington, United States

The Kitsap Peninsula lies west of Seattle across Puget Sound, in Washington state in the Pacific Northwest. Hood Canal separates the peninsula from the Olympic Peninsula on its west side. The peninsula, a.k.a. "Kitsap", encompasses all of Kitsap County except Bainbridge and Blake Islands, as well as the northeastern part of Mason County and the northwestern part of Pierce County. The highest point on the Kitsap Peninsula is Gold Mountain. The U.S. Navy's Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and Naval Base Kitsap are on the peninsula. Its main city is Bremerton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Washington</span> Region in Washington, United States

Western Washington is a region of the United States defined as the area of Washington state west of the Cascade Mountains. This region is home to the state's largest city, Seattle, the state capital, Olympia, and most of the state's residents. The climate is generally far more damp and temperate than that of Eastern Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seattle metropolitan area</span> Metropolitan statistical area in Washington, United States

The Seattle metropolitan area is an urban conglomeration in the U.S. state of Washington that comprises Seattle, its surrounding satellites and suburbs. The United States Census Bureau defines the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA metropolitan statistical area as the three most populous counties in the state: King, Pierce, and Snohomish. Seattle has the 15th largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the United States with a population of 4,018,762 as of the 2020 census, over half of Washington's total population.

MV <i>Cathlamet</i> Ship built in 1981

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Area code 360</span> Telephone area code for western Washington, United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puget Sound AVA</span> Viticultural area in Washington, USA

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The Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC) is a metropolitan planning organization that develops policies and makes decisions about transportation planning, economic development, and growth management throughout the four-county Seattle metropolitan area surrounding Puget Sound. It is a forum for cities, towns, counties, transit agencies, port districts, Native American tribes, and state agencies to address regional issues.

<i>Florence K</i> (steamboat) American steamboat built in 1903

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<i>Concordia</i> (steamboat)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chehalis Gap</span> Gap in the Coast Range, Washington

The Chehalis Gap is a gap in the Coast Range of Washington state between the southernmost foothills of the Olympic Mountains called the Satsop Hills, and the Willapa Hills.

Many glacial erratic boulders can be found in the Puget Sound region as far south as the Yelm area where the Puget Lobe of the glacier reached its maximum extent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Puget Sound</span> Region in Washington, United States

South Puget Sound is the southern reaches of Puget Sound in Southwest Washington, in the United States' Pacific Northwest. It is one of five major basins encompassing the entire Sound, and the shallowest basin, with a mean depth of 37 meters (121 ft). Exact definitions of the region vary: the state's Department of Fish and Wildlife counts all of Puget Sound south of the Tacoma Narrows for fishing regulatory purposes. The same agency counts Mason, Jefferson, Kitsap, Pierce and Thurston Counties for wildlife management. The state's Department of Ecology defines a similar area south of Colvos Passage.

Hills in the Puget Lowland, between the Cascades and the Olympic Mountains, including the entire Seattle metropolitan area, are generally between 350–450 feet (110–140 m) and rarely more than 500 feet (150 m) above sea level. Hills are often notable geologically and for social reasons, such as the seven hills of Seattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Washington (state) infrastructure</span> Overview of and topical guide to infrastructure of the U.S. state of Washington

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to infrastructure of the U.S. state of Washington.

References

  1. ↑ Ingle, Schuyler (November 24, 1991). "The Time of Food: Pacific Northwest Bounty". Los Angeles Times.
  2. ↑ Denham, Kristen E.; Lobeck, Anne C. (2011). "Chapter 5". Linguistics for Everyone. Cengage. p. 145. ISBN   9781111344382.
  3. ↑ Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1991). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 10–13. ISBN   0-295-97477-X.
  4. ↑ Kruckeberg (1991), pp. 20–21.
  5. ↑ Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1999). A Natural History of the Puget Sound Basin pp.52–68
  6. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations. "§ 9.151 Puget Sound." Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
  7. ↑ For examples of the use of "Pugetopolis" see, for example, Pugetopolis, TIME Magazine; Puget Sound: Sea Between the Mountains, at Google Books, p. 46; Frommer's Washington State, at Google Books, p. 17; and Western Cordillera and Adjacent Area, at Google Books, p. 197.
  8. ↑ "2005 North American Container Traffic" (PDF). American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  9. ↑ Population Division (April 2020). Washington: 2020 Core Based Statistical Areas and Counties (PDF) (Map). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 "OMB Bulletin No. 23-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. July 21, 2023. pp. 72, 81, 144. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  11. ↑ Seattle–Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area (PDF) (Map). United States Census Bureau. February 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011". 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 2012. Archived from the original (CSV) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Puget Sound's climate | Encyclopedia of Puget Sound". www.eopugetsound.org. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  14. ↑ "Climate and ocean processes | Encyclopedia of Puget Sound". www.eopugetsound.org. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  15. ↑ "National Weather Service - NWS Seattle". NWS Seattle, WA. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  16. ↑ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  18. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Seattle/Seattle–Tacoma INTL A, WA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Seattle, WA - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  20. ↑ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  21. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for OLYMPIA, WA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  22. ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  23. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). Quercus kelloggii. GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2008.

Further reading

47°36′N122°24′W / 47.6°N 122.4°W / 47.6; -122.4

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