Lincoln County, Washington

Lincoln County
County
Lincoln County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Washington
Washington's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 47°34′58″N118°25′04″W / 47.58278°N 118.41778°W / 47.58278; -118.41778
Country	United States
State	Washington
Founded	November 24, 1883
Named for	Abraham Lincoln
Seat	Davenport
Largest city	Davenport
Area
• Total	2,339 sq mi (6,060 km2)
• Land	2,310 sq mi (6,000 km2)
• Water	29 sq mi (80 km2)  1.2%
Population  (2020)
• Total	10,876
• Estimate  (2023)	11,738
• Density	4.6/sq mi (1.8/km2)
Time zone	UTC−8 (Pacific)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−7 (PDT)
Congressional district	5th
Website	co.lincoln.wa.us

Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,876, ^[1] making it the fifth-least populous county in the state. ^[2] The county seat and largest city is Davenport. ^[3] Lincoln County was created from Whitman County in November 1883. ^[4] It is named for Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. ^[5]

History

In 1883, Lincoln County was created from a portion of Spokane County, and four days later a portion of its area was split to create Douglas County. There have been no further alterations to its boundary since that time. ^[6] The name Sprague County was originally proposed, in honor of General John W. Sprague, until objections from legislators resulted in the name Lincoln County being used in the final bill. ^[7] Its 2,317 square miles make it the eighth-largest by area in the state.

Centuries ago, the area now covered by Lincoln County contained an east–west passageway used by indigenous peoples. A spring near the present-day Davenport created a large overnight camping place.

The early exploration of the Northwest Territory by Lewis and Clark did not reach as far north as the Lincoln County expanses. The first recorded entry by European explorers was of David Thompson, a scout for the North West Company, who traversed the area in 1811. He noted physical locations in present-day Lincoln County. He described Hell Gate Rapid (calling it 'Strong Rapid'). That stretch of the Columbia River is now tame, because of the presence of Grand Coulee Dam. ^[6] After this, there was considerable exploration by fur trappers and others, including famed Scottish botanist David Douglas in 1826. ^[6]

Possibly the first permanent non-indigenous resident of the area was R.M. Bacon, originally from Boston, who began raising cattle around Crab Creek in 1871. When the first post office was established in the county, Bacon was its postmaster. ^[6]

Emigration into the area accelerated in the late 1870s. Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883, and construction of Fort Spokane (1880-1882) hastened settlement.

Geography and climate

Lincoln County lies on the Channelled Scablands, known as the Big Bend Plateau. It lies 1,500-2,500 feet above sea level, with a system of channels eroded into bedrock by glacial rivers and streams, flowing from northeastern Washington.

Lincoln County climate is hot/dry in the summer, cold/moderately humid in the winter. Due to the relatively level terrain (about 1,200 feet difference from lowest to highest elevations), temperatures tend to vary little from east to west. Precipitation varies from an arid condition in the western part of the county to semi-arid in the northeast. The entire area lies in the dry intermontane basin between the Cascades and the Rocky Mountain System. Precipitation (10-20 inches annual rainfall) is a major controlling factor in agriculture. Precipitation in the Big Bend region is highly variable; from 8 inches in the west to 20 inches in the northeast.

Monthly temperature averages range from below freezing in mid-winter to highs of 65-71 °F in mid-summer. ^[6]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,339 square miles (6,060 km²), of which 2,310 square miles (6,000 km²) is land and 29 square miles (75 km²) (1.2%) is water. ^[8]

Geographic features

• Channeled Scablands
• Columbia River
• Crab Creek
• Lilienthal Mountain, county high point

Major highways

• Interstate 90
• U.S. Route 2
• U.S. Route 395

Adjacent counties

• Okanogan County – northwest
• Ferry County – north
• Stevens County – northeast
• Spokane County – east
• Whitman County – southeast
• Adams County – south
• Grant County – west

National protected area

• Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (part)

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1890	9,312		—
1900	11,969		28.5%
1910	17,539		46.5%
1920	15,141		−13.7%
1930	11,876		−21.6%
1940	11,361		−4.3%
1950	10,970		−3.4%
1960	10,919		−0.5%
1970	9,572		−12.3%
1980	9,604		0.3%
1990	8,864		−7.7%
2000	10,184		14.9%
2010	10,570		3.8%
2020	10,876		2.9%
2023 (est.)	11,738	[9]	7.9%
U.S. Decennial Census [10] 1790–1960 [11] 1900–1990 [12] 1990–2000 [13] 2010–2020 [1]

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 10,570 people, 4,422 households, and 3,059 families residing in the county. ^[14] The population density was 4.6 people per square mile (1.8 people/km²). There were 5,776 housing units at an average density of 2.5 units per square mile (0.97 units/km²). ^[15] The racial makeup of the county was 95.0% white, 1.6% American Indian, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.3% of the population. ^[14] In terms of ancestry, 42.3% were German, 14.6% were Irish, 13.9% were English, 5.5% were Norwegian, 5.3% were Scotch-Irish, and 3.6% were American. ^[16]

Of the 4,422 households, 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.8% were non-families, and 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age was 47.6 years. ^[14]

The median income for a household in the county was $45,582 and the median income for a family was $52,083. Males had a median income of $44,491 versus $30,617 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,757. About 7.1% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over. ^[17]

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 10,184 people, 4,151 households, and 2,914 families in the county. The population density was 4 people per square mile (1.5 people/km²). There were 5,298 housing units at an average density of 2 units per square mile (0.77 units/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 95.64% White, 0.23% Black or African American, 1.63% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 36.6% were of German, 10.5% English, 9.3% United States or American and 5.8% Irish ancestry.

There were 4,151 households, out of which 29.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.90% were married couples living together, 6.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 26.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.30% under the age of 18, 5.20% from 18 to 24, 23.20% from 25 to 44, 27.40% from 45 to 64, and 19.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,255, and the median income for a family was $41,269. Males had a median income of $31,086 versus $22,444 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,888. About 8.40% of families and 12.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 7.70% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

The county is administered by a three-member Board of Commissioners.

Like neighboring Adams County, Lincoln County is one of the most conservative counties in Washington. The last Democratic presidential candidate to carry the county was Harry Truman in 1948. In 1964, it was one of only three counties in the state to be carried by Barry Goldwater, and was the nation's northernmost county or equivalent to vote for Goldwater. ^[18] In the last nine presidential elections, no Democratic candidate has received more than 36 percent of the county's vote; the last Democratic gubernatorial nominee it backed was Booth Gardner in 1988, during a major drought and farm crisis. ^[19] In 2016, Donald Trump won over 70 percent of the county's vote. ^[20]

United States presidential election results for Lincoln County, Washington ^[21]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2024	5,272	73.80%	1,678	23.49%	194	2.72%
2020	5,150	73.23%	1,713	24.36%	170	2.42%
2016	4,108	70.09%	1,244	21.23%	509	8.68%
2012	4,063	68.74%	1,673	28.30%	175	2.96%
2008	3,803	63.30%	2,032	33.82%	173	2.88%
2004	4,015	69.09%	1,706	29.36%	90	1.55%
2000	3,546	68.23%	1,417	27.27%	234	4.50%
1996	2,587	51.40%	1,806	35.88%	640	12.72%
1992	2,152	43.59%	1,653	33.48%	1,132	22.93%
1988	2,689	57.89%	1,884	40.56%	72	1.55%
1984	3,474	66.90%	1,671	32.18%	48	0.92%
1980	3,324	62.28%	1,597	29.92%	416	7.79%
1976	2,925	57.57%	1,978	38.93%	178	3.50%
1972	3,647	69.14%	1,453	27.55%	175	3.32%
1968	2,994	59.25%	1,721	34.06%	338	6.69%
1964	2,911	55.84%	2,299	44.10%	3	0.06%
1960	3,211	58.77%	2,248	41.14%	5	0.09%
1956	3,114	57.77%	2,273	42.17%	3	0.06%
1952	3,422	63.31%	1,974	36.52%	9	0.17%
1948	2,348	47.68%	2,518	51.14%	58	1.18%
1944	2,723	53.75%	2,328	45.95%	15	0.30%
1940	2,627	47.32%	2,896	52.16%	29	0.52%
1936	1,325	26.14%	3,627	71.55%	117	2.31%
1932	1,748	38.04%	2,725	59.30%	122	2.66%
1928	2,718	59.62%	1,807	39.64%	34	0.75%
1924	2,042	46.16%	743	16.79%	1,639	37.05%
1920	3,038	65.04%	1,395	29.87%	238	5.10%
1916	2,356	43.06%	2,827	51.67%	288	5.26%
1912	691	14.46%	1,829	38.26%	2,260	47.28%
1908	2,025	55.19%	1,443	39.33%	201	5.48%
1904	2,472	67.41%	1,004	27.38%	191	5.21%
1900	1,414	45.58%	1,585	51.10%	103	3.32%
1896	781	30.18%	1,771	68.43%	36	1.39%
1892	915	39.19%	831	35.59%	589	25.22%

Economy

The county is dependent on agriculture, primarily wheat farming. Lincoln County is generally considered the second-largest producer of wheat in the United States (following Whitman County, Washington), sometimes producing 25 million bushels (680,000 t) per year. ^[22] Only about 500,000 of 900,000 acres (2,000 of 3,600 km² (1,390 sq mi)) of farmland in the county are planted in any given year due to the practice of typically harvesting one crop every two years ("summer-fallow"), a necessity in a region with only 12 inches (300 mm) of precipitation annually.

Livestock husbandry is also a significant county activity, although to a significantly lower degree. For example, in 1954 the county was #3 in the state for crop income, but was only #21 in the state for income from livestock and livestock products. ^[6]

Communities

Cities

• Davenport (county seat)
• Harrington
• Sprague

Towns

• Almira
• Creston
• Odessa
• Reardan
• Wilbur

Unincorporated communities

• Clark
• Edwall
• Irby
• Lamona
• Lincoln
• Mondovi
• Mohler
• Seven Bays

Ghost towns

• Fishtrap
• Govan

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Washington

Further reading

• An illustrated history of the Big Bend country : embracing Lincoln, Douglas, Adams, and Franklin counties, state of Washington. Western Historical Pub. Co. 1904. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
• lincoln County Poor Farm website

References

1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
2. Ahead of Ferry County (7,178), Wahkiakum County (4,422), Columbia County (3,952), and Garfield County (2,286).
3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
4. "Milestones for Washington State History — Part 2: 1851 to 1900". HistoryLink.org. March 6, 2003.
5. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.  187.
6. Lincoln County History
7. Smith, Charles W. (July 1909). "The Naming of Counties in the State of Washington". The Magazine of History With Notes and Queries. X (1). New York: William Abbatt: 83. Retrieved October 23, 2024– via HathiTrust.
8. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
9. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
10. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
11. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
12. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
13. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
14. "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
15. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
16. "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
17. "Selected Economic Characteristics - 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
18. David Leip's Presidential Atlas Map for Washington by election
19. Dave Leip. "Gubernatorial General Election Map Comparison – Washington". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
20. David Leip's Presidential Atlas Map for Washington, 2016
21. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
22. United States Dept. of Agriculture

47°34′N118°25′W / 47.57°N 118.41°W / 47.57; -118.41