Washington State Ferries

Last updated
Washington State Ferries
Washington State Ferries logo.svg
MV Tacoma at Colman Dock, 2024.jpg
MV Tacoma at Colman Dock in Downtown Seattle
Locale Washington
Waterway Puget Sound, Salish Sea
Transit type Ferry
Owner Washington State Department of Transportation
OperatorWashington State Department of Transportation
Began operationJune 1, 1951 (1951-06-01)
No. of lines10
No. of vessels21
No. of terminals20
Daily ridership59,900 (weekdays, Q3 2024) [1]
Yearly ridership18,661,400 (2023) [2]
Website wsdot.wa.gov/travel/washington-state-ferries

Washington State Ferries (WSF) is a public ferry system in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a division of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and operates 10 routes serving 20 terminals within Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands. The routes are designated as part of the state highway system. WSF maintains a fleet of 21 vessels that are able to carry passengers and vehicles.

Contents

The ferry system carried a total of 18.66 million riders in 2023—9.69 million passengers and 8.97 million vehicles. [3] WSF is the largest ferry system in the United States and the second-largest vehicular ferry system in the world behind BC Ferries. [4] The state ferries carried an average of 59,900 per weekday in the third quarter of 2024.

History

The ferry system has its origins in the "mosquito fleet", a collection of small steamer lines serving the Puget Sound area during the later part of the nineteenth century and early part of the 20th century. By the beginning of the 1930s, two lines remained: the Puget Sound Navigation Company (known as the Black Ball Line) and the Kitsap County Transportation Company. A strike in 1935 caused the KCTC to close, leaving only the Black Ball Line. [5]

Toward the end of the 1940s, the Black Ball Line wanted to increase its fares, to compensate for increased wage demands from the ferry workers' unions, but the state refused to allow this, and so the Black Ball Line shut down. In 1951, the state bought nearly all of Black Ball's ferry assets for $5 million (Black Ball retained five vessels of its fleet). [6] The state government intended to run ferry service only until cross-sound bridges could be built, but these were never approved and left the ferries as the only means of crossing for vehicles. [7]

The new system was operated by the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority, which ordered ten new vessels that could carry 60 to 100 vehicles. A set of revenue bonds were also issued to purchase the 16 vessels and 20 terminals of the Puget Sound Navigational Company for a total of $4.94 million. The ten initial routes were reduced to eight by the end of the year. [8] A route between Port Townsend and Keystone on Whidbey Island was launched in June 1974 to replace a privately-run service that had lost its franchise. [9]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, WSF reduced service on most routes and suspended trips to Sidney on the Anacortes–San Juan Islands route. The loss of workers who retired, transferred, or were fired during the pandemic caused delays and trip cancellations as service and ridership began to recover in 2021 and 2022, while vessel replacement also ran behind schedule. [10] By early 2023, full levels of service were restored on four routes but remained limited across much of the system; the Sidney route is not expected to re-enter service until 2030. [11] Staffing issues, particularly among ship captains and mates, continue to prevent the full restoration of service on the Seattle–Bremerton and Fauntleroy–Vashon–Southworth routes. [12] As mitigation for the delay in restoring the Seattle–Bremerton run's second vessel, WSF funded additional trips on the parallel Kitsap Fast Ferries that serves both terminals. [13]

Routes

A map showing the routes operated by Washington State Ferries (in red) in comparison with Washington State highways (in yellow) and freeways, including Washington State and Interstate highways (in blue) Washington Ferries map.svg
A map showing the routes operated by Washington State Ferries (in red) in comparison with Washington State highways (in yellow) and freeways, including Washington State and Interstate highways (in blue)

WSF has 10 routes that serve 20 terminals in Puget Sound and the Salish Sea in Western Washington. [4] The busiest route is the Seattle–Bainbridge Island ferry, which carried 4.8 million total riders in 2023; the Mukilteo–Clinton ferry carried 2.1 million total vehicles in 2023, the most of any route. [3] [14]

Route nameTerminals State route designation [15] Annual ridership [16] Annual vehicles carried [17] Notes
Anacortes–Sidney BC (Service suspended) Sidney, British Columbia Friday Harbor, San Juan Island Anacortes N/A [18] 00
  • Service suspended until 2030
  • Only route that operated internationally
  • Only route that is not part of state highway system (Friday Harbor-Sidney, BC segment)
Anacortes–San Juan Islands Friday Harbor, San Juan IslandSpur plate.svg
WA-20.svg SR 20 Spur 		1,932,543921,065
  • Reservations recommended
  • Not all trips serve all island terminals.
Lopez Island
Shaw Island
Orcas Island
Interisland Friday Harbor, San Juan IslandOrcas IslandShaw IslandLopez Island
Port Townsend–Coupeville Port Townsend Coupeville, Whidbey Island WA-20.svg SR 20 686,924316,823
  • Reservations recommended
Mukilteo–Clinton Clinton, Whidbey Island Mukilteo WA-525.svg SR 525 3,687,2972,105,628
Edmonds–Kingston Kingston Edmonds WA-104.svg SR 104 3,542,1421,799,911
Seattle–Bainbridge Island Winslow, Bainbridge Island Seattle (Colman Dock)WA-305.svg SR 305 4,751,5761,624,900
Seattle–Bremerton Bremerton WA-304.svg SR 304 952,875358,846
Fauntleroy–Vashon Vashon Island West Seattle (Fauntleroy)WA-160.svg SR 160 2,200,3351,324,659
  • All three services operated together as a "triangle route."
Fauntleroy–Southworth Southworth
Southworth–VashonSouthworthVashon Island
Point Defiance–Tahlequah Tahlequah, Vashon Island Tacoma (Point Defiance)WA-163.svg SR 163 907,842518,542

Former routes

Operations

In 2022, Washington State Ferries had an operating budget of $282.5 million and spent approximately $16.47 per passenger trip. [20] The system has over 1,500 employees, but had had crew shortages in the early 2020s that have led to sailing cancellations and deferred maintenance. [21] Onboard food service, primarily through the ship galley and vending machines, is operated by contractor Sodexo Live. [22]

The agency allows weddings and other celebrations to take place on board ferries, as well as the scattering of cremated remains with advance reservations. [23]

Fleet

Washington State Ferry Tacoma MV Tacoma.jpg
Washington State Ferry Tacoma
The Hyak in Rich Passage heading to Bremerton, WA MV Hyak.jpg
The Hyak in Rich Passage heading to Bremerton, WA
The MV Chimacum arrives in Seattle for the first time with passengers on board, on May 24, 2017. M-V Chimacum in Elliott Bay.jpg
The MV Chimacum arrives in Seattle for the first time with passengers on board, on May 24, 2017.

As of 2020, there are 21 ferries in the WSF fleet that serve Puget Sound. [24] The largest vessels in this fleet carry up to 2500 passengers and 202 vehicles. They are painted in a distinctive white and green trim paint scheme, and feature double-ended open vehicle decks and bridges at each end so that they do not need to turn around. [25] Most of the ferries feature an outdoor deck with two "pickleforks" where passengers board and disembark the vessel. [26]

The fleet uses diesel fuel to power its engines and is the largest consumer of diesel fuel in the state government at 19 million gallons used annually prior to 2020; [27] WSF plans to electrify its fleet over 20 years. By 2040, it intends to build 16 new hybrid-electric vessels and convert six others to have hybrid propulsion. This will reduce carbon emissions by up 180,000 tons annually and save $19 million per year in diesel fuel costs. [28] The first vessel to undergo conversion to use hybrid-electric propulsion is MV Wenatchee, which will be converted from 2023 to 2024. [29] The program was originally expected to begin in 2022 with a new boat constructed by Vigor Industrial, but cost overruns and disagreements led to delays. Vigor had been the sole shipbuilder for Washington State Ferries since 1997. [30] Bids for the hybrid-electric ferries, which will carry 164 vehicles and 1,500 passengers, were opened to non-Washingtonian shipbuilders in 2024 with invitations sent to 15 interested companies. [27]

As of 2023, 9 of the 21 active ferries maintained by Washington State Ferries are considered to be in good condition. Cancellation of sailings due to mechanical problems and urgent maintenance increased in the 2010s and 2020s. [30]

The ferry fleet consists of the following vessels: [24]

ClassFerry nameYear builtAuto

capacity

Passenger

capacity

SpeedNotes
Evergreen State MV Tillikum 1959871,06113  kn (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Super MV Kaleetan 19671441,86817 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)
MV Yakima 19671442,00017 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)
Jumbo MV Spokane 19721882,00018 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)
MV Walla Walla 19731882,00018 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Issaquah MV Issaquah 19791241,20016 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)Auto capacity increased in 1989.
MV Kittitas 19801241,20016 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)Auto capacity increased in 1990.
MV Kitsap 19801241,20016 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)Auto capacity increased in 1992.
MV Cathlamet 19811241,20016 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)Auto capacity increased in 1993.
MV Chelan 19811241,200

1,090 International

16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)Auto capacity increased in 2001.
Upgraded to meet SOLAS safety standards for international service on Sidney, BC route in 2005.
MV Sealth 1982901,20016 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Jumbo Mark II MV Tacoma 19972022,50018 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)
MV Wenatchee 19982022,50018 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)
MV Puyallup 19992022,50018 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Kwa-di Tabil MV Chetzemoka 20106475015 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
MV Salish 20116475015 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
MV Kennewick 20116475015 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Olympic MV Tokitae 20141441,50017 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)
MV Samish 20151441,50017 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)
MV Chimacum 20171441,50017 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)
MV Suquamish 20181441,50017 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)

Retired vessels

MV Illahee was one of the Steel Electric class ferries which were retired in 2007. MV Illahee.jpg
MV Illahee was one of the Steel Electric class ferries which were retired in 2007.
MV Kalakala was retired in 1967. Kalakala.jpg
MV Kalakala was retired in 1967.

Since the beginning of state-run ferry service in 1951, WSF has retired many vessels as they have become older, too expensive to operate or maintain, or have become too small to provide adequate ferry service. WSF owned passenger-only vessels between 1985 and 2009, but after discontinuing its two passenger-only routes in the 2000s, WSF has sold its passenger-only ferries to other operators.

Below is a list of ferries that WSF has retired since 1951. Unless otherwise noted, all vessels introduced in 1951 were acquired from the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSN), also known as the Black Ball Line, when the state took over the company's routes and ferryboats in Puget Sound.

Washington State Ferries retired fleet [31]
Ferry nameClassYear built (rebuilt)Year in serviceYear retiredAuto capacityPassenger capacityNotes
MV Chippewa None1900 (1928/ 1932)1951196452950Converted to a car ferry in 1926
MV Leschi None19131951196740453Previously owned by King County and used on Lake Washington
SS San Mateo None19221951196950659Purchased by PSN in 1941
SS Shasta None19221951195855468Purchased by PSN in 1941
MV Rosario None1923 (1931)1951195133312
MV Kitsap (1925) Anderson19251951196132325
MV Crosline None1925 (1947)1951196730300Purchased by the state in 1947
MV Kehloken Wood Electric19261951197250770Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Kalakala None1926 (1935)195119671101943Originally built as MV Peralta in 1926; rebuilt as Kalakala in 1935 using Peralta's hull
MV Enetai Steel Electric 192719511967901500Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry
MV Willapa Steel Electric 192719511967901500Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry
MV Chetzemoka (1927) Wood Electric19271951197350400Purchased by PSN in 1938
MV Quinault Steel Electric 1927 (1958/ 1985)1951200759616Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Illahee Steel Electric 1927 (1958/ 1986)1951200759616Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Nisqually Steel Electric 1927 (1958/ 1987)1951200759616Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Klickitat Steel Electric 1927 (1958/ 1981)1951200764412Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Klahanie Wood Electric19281951197250601Purchased by PSN in 1940
MV Skansonia None19291951196932465Operated under a state contract since 1940 after the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed
MV Vashon Anderson19301951198050646
MV Olympic None19381954199355605Purchased by WSF in 1954
MV Rhododendron None1947 (1990)1954201248546Purchased by WSF in 1954, sold to Atlantic Capes Fisheries in 2013
MV Evergreen State Evergreen State 1954 (1988)1954201687854
MV Kulshan None19541970198265350Purchased by WSF in 1970, sold in 1982 and renamed MV Governor
MV Klahowya Evergreen State 1958 (1995)1958201787792
MV Hyak Super 1966196720191442000
MV Hiyu None19671967201634199
MV Elwha Super 1967 (1991)196820201441069Upgraded to meet SOLAS standards for Sidney, BC.
MV Tyee None1985198520030250Operating as M/V Glacier Express in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska as of 2013 [32] [33]
MV Kalama Skagit/Kalama 1989198920090230Sold in 2011
MV Skagit Skagit/Kalama 1989198920090230Sold in 2011; capsized on July 18, 2012
MV Chinook Passenger-Only Fast Ferry 1998199820080350Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Golden Gate
MV Snohomish Passenger-Only Fast Ferry 1999199920080350Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Napa

See also

Related Research Articles

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MV <i>Wenatchee</i>

The MV Wenatchee is a Jumbo Mark-II-class ferry operated by Washington State Ferries. Launched in 1998, she was the second in her class in the fleet following the MV Tacoma. Since delivery, the Wenatchee has almost exclusively been assigned to the busy Seattle–Bainbridge Island route alongside the Tacoma.

MV <i>Walla Walla</i> Jumbo class automobile ferry

MV Walla Walla is a Jumbo-class ferry operated by Washington State Ferries.

MV <i>Elwha</i>

MV Elwha was a Super-class ferry in the Washington State Ferry System. The 382-foot (116 m) vessel entered service in June 1968, and spent most of her career working the Anacortes-San Juan Islands-Sidney B.C. route. Elwha was retired in 2020 and set to be scrapped in 2024 until the sale was cancelled amid contract issues.

MV <i>Cathlamet</i> Ship built in 1981

The MV Cathlamet is an Issaquah-class ferry operated by Washington State Ferries.

MV <i>Golden Gate</i>

MV Golden Gate is a passenger-only fast ferry operated by Golden Gate Ferries.

Steel Electric-class ferry

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Kwa-di Tabil-class ferry Auto/passenger ferries operated by Washington State

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington State Route 305</span> State highway in northwestern Washington, US

State Route 305 (SR 305) is a 13.50-mile-long (21.73 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, primarily serving Bainbridge Island in Kitsap County and connecting it to Seattle in King County via the Seattle–Bainbridge Island ferry. The highway travels north through Bainbridge Island and leaves the island on the Agate Pass Bridge into the Kitsap Peninsula. SR 305 continues northwest through Poulsbo, intersecting SR 307 and ending at the SR 3 freeway. The highway was created during the 1964 highway renumbering and was preceded by Secondary State Highway 21A (SSH 21A), established in 1937. The ferry, part of the highway since 1994, is served by the Jumbo Mark-II-classMV Tacoma and MV Wenatchee and operates on a 35-minute crossing time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington State Route 339</span> State highway in northwestern Washington, US

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmonds–Kingston ferry</span> Ferry route in the U.S. state of Washington

The Edmonds–Kingston ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between Edmonds and Kingston, Washington. Since 1951 the only ferries employed on the route have belonged to the Washington state ferry system, currently the largest ferry system in the United States. The last regularly operated steam ferry on the West Coast of the United States made its final run on this route in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seattle–Bremerton ferry</span> Ferry route in Seattle, Washington, U.S.

The Seattle–Bremerton ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between Seattle and Bremerton, Washington. Since 1951, the route has primarily been operated by the state-run Washington State Ferries system, currently the largest ferry system in the United States. Kitsap Transit also runs passenger-only "fast ferries" service on the route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colman Dock</span> Ferry terminal in Seattle, Washington, U.S.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kitsap Fast Ferries</span> Passenger ferry system connecting Seattle to Kitsap County, Washington

Kitsap Fast Ferries is a passenger ferry service operating between Seattle and Kitsap County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is funded and operated by Kitsap Transit and began service in July 2017, with a single boat traveling between Seattle and Bremerton. A second route, from Seattle to Kingston, launched in November 2018, and a third route serving Seattle and Southworth began operating in March 2021. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 1,091,400.

References

  1. ↑ "Transit Ridership Report Third Quarter 2024" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. November 20, 2024. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Washington State Ferries Traffic Statistics: Rider Segment report for Jan 1, 2023 thru Dec 31, 2023" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. January 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  4. 1 2 "Washington State Ferries: System facts" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. January 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  5. ↑ History of Washington State Ferry system, wsdot.com, retrieved March 15, 2008
  6. ↑ Washington State Ferries begins operations on June 1, 1951, HistoryLink.org, retrieved March 15, 2008
  7. ↑ McDermott, Kara; Black, Dominic (February 18, 2014). "Washington State Ferries: Born From A Rates War". KUOW . Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  8. ↑ Legislative Transportation Committee (July 14, 1981). "Historical overview of the Washington State Ferry System". Washington State Legislature. pp. 3–6. Retrieved March 5, 2024– via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.
  9. ↑ "Keystone ferry run launched". The Everett Herald . June 7, 1974. p. A2. Retrieved March 5, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ Saldanha, Alison (August 24, 2022). "WA ferry delays hit highest mark in past decade". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  11. ↑ Kroman, David (March 1, 2023). "WA ferries restores service to some routes, delays others". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  12. ↑ Smith, Matthew (June 8, 2023). "WA State Ferries charts new course amid aging fleet, staffing shortages, pandemic woes". Fox 13 News . Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  13. ↑ Kroman, David (June 20, 2023). "WA ferry service on several routes won't return to normal this year". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  14. ↑ "State ferries welcome 1.3 million more riders in 2023" (Press release). Washington State Department of Transportation. January 16, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  15. ↑ Washington State Department of Transportation (2014). Washington State Highways, 2014–2015 (PDF) (Map). 1:842,000. Olympia: Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Washington State Ferries Traffic Statistics Rider Segment report" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. January 5, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  17. ↑ "WSDOT Ferries Division- overview and fact sheet" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. January 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  18. ↑ "RCW 47.17.081 State route No. 20 north". Washington State Legislature. 20 November 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 "Annual Traffic Report 1960" (PDF). Washington State Highway Commission. 1960. pp. viii–ix. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  20. ↑ "2022 Annual Agency Profile – Washington State Ferries" (PDF). National Transit Database. Federal Transit Administration . Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  21. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (November 22, 2021). "How to make Washington State Ferries shipshape again". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  22. ↑ Kroman, David (April 9, 2022). "Beer and popcorn to return to WA ferries". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  23. ↑ Brown, Andrea (January 29, 2019). "Ever after: Get married — or buried — on a Washington ferry". The Everett Herald. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  24. 1 2 Washington State Ferries – Our Fleet, Washington State Department of Transportation, Retrieved June 16, 2020
  25. ↑ "WSDOT Ferries Division Fleet Guide" (PDF). Washington State Ferries. May 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  26. ↑ MicNichols, Joshua (May 31, 2024). "A sneak peak[sic] at Washington's planned hybrid electric ferries". KUOW. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  27. 1 2 Deshais, Nicholas (June 4, 2024). "WA shows off new design for its ferries — now it needs a shipbuilder". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  28. ↑ "Washington State Ferries System Electrification Plan" (PDF). WSDOT. December 2020.
  29. ↑ Cornfield, Jerry (August 16, 2023). "Washington awards $150M contract to convert ferries to hybrid-electric power". Kitsap Sun . Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  30. 1 2 Kroman, David (August 20, 2023). "As Washington's ferry fleet ages, why aren't we building new boats?". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  31. ↑ "The Ghost Fleet of Washington State Ferries". EvergreenFleet.com. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  32. ↑ M/V Tyee, Evergreen Fleet, retrieved 2013-06-28
  33. ↑ Our fleet of vessels, Major Marine Tours, retrieved 2013-06-28
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