A horse-drawn vehicle is a wheeled vehicle pulled by horses to carry passengers or a load. They were common during the horse-drawn era, though have mostly been replaced by automobiles and other mechanized transport. Some are still in use today in rural areas, and also for pleasure, tourists, and sport. Many vehicles have been preserved and are on display in carriage museums and transport museums.
Horses were domesticated circa 2000 BCE. [1] Before that oxen were used. Historically, a wide variety of arrangements of horses and vehicles have been used, from chariot racing, which involved a small vehicle and four horses abreast, to horsecars or trollies, [note 1] which used two horses to pull a car that was used in cities before electric trams were developed.
A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is a cart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is most commonly called a wagon. Very light carts and wagons can also be pulled by donkeys (much smaller than horses), ponies or mules. Other smaller animals are occasionally used, such as large dogs, llamas and goats (see draught animals). Heavy wagons, carts and agricultural implements can also be pulled by other large draught animals such as oxen, water buffalo, yaks or even camels and elephants.
Vehicles pulled by one animal (or by animals in a single file) have two shafts that attach either side of the rearmost animal (the wheel animal or wheeler). Two animals in single file are referred to as a tandem arrangement, and three as a randem. [2] Vehicles that are pulled by a pair (or by a team of several pairs) have a pole that attaches between the wheel pair. Other arrangements are also possible, for example, three or more abreast (a troika ), a wheel pair with a single lead animal (a "unicorn"), or a wheel pair with three lead animals abreast (a "pickaxe"). Very heavy loads sometimes had an additional team behind to slow the vehicle down steep hills. Sometimes at a steep hill with frequent traffic, such a team would be hired to passing wagons to help them up or down the hill. Horse-drawn carriages have been in use for at least 3,500 years.
Two-wheeled vehicles are balanced by the distribution of weight of the load (driver, passengers, and goods) over the axle, and then held level by the animal – this means that the shafts (or sometimes a pole for two animals) must be fixed rigidly to the vehicle's body. Four-wheeled vehicles remain level on their own, and so the shafts or pole are hinged vertically, allowing them to rise and fall with the movement of the animals. A four-wheeled vehicle is also steered by the shafts or pole, which are attached to the front axle; this swivels on a turntable or "fifth wheel" beneath the vehicle.
From the 15th century drivers of carts were known as carmen, and in London were represented by the Worshipful Company of Carmen. In 1890 there were 13,800 companies in the United States in the business of building carriages pulled by horses. By 1920, only 90 such companies remained.
Wheeled horse-drawn vehicles can be divided into a few basic types: two-wheeled carts, four-wheeled carriages, enclosed coaches, and utilitarian wagons.
The term "cart" is a category of horse-drawn vehicles which have two wheels, with some of the nicer passenger cart designs named cars. [3] : 69, 79
This category includes carriages (open), coaches (enclosed), and passenger vehicles on runners such as sleighs.
A utilitarian load-carrying cart might be sprung or unsprung. Carts without springs were for heavier loads and slower travel. Carts with springs might be for carrying products that should not be jarred by bumps in the road, or which included a ride-along driver such as for daily deliveries of milk to homes.
In general terms, hackney cab usually means a two-wheeled vehicle for hire pulled by a single horse, and hackney coach usually means an enclosed four-wheeled vehicle for hire. [5] : 29–30, 90 [3] : 63, 162
Articles related to hackney types for hire: [5] : 29, 76 [3] : 147, 154
Long distance transport, usually involving stages and changes of vehicle or teams of horses: [3] : 258
Larger passenger vehicles or services: [3] : 205–210 [4] : 201
Horses were historically used to pull a wide range of equipment and conveyances not classified as horse-drawn vehicles.
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